Harnessing Multi-Photon Absorption to Produce Three-Dimensional Magnetic Structures at the Nanoscale

Hunt, Matthew; Taverne, Mike P. C.; Askey, Joseph; May, Andrew F.; Berg, Arjen van den; Ho, Y.-L. D.; Rarity, John; Ladak, Sam

doi:10.3390/ma13030761

Cited by 37 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 88 publications

(105 reference statements)

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“…This technique is equally applicable to smaller scale structures that can be obtained by combining two‐photon lithography with postprocessing techniques such as pyrolysis, by using alternative photoresists with lower wavelength laser light, and with high spatial resolution non‐magnetic and magnetic scaffolds fabricated using FEBID. [ 37,38 ] The ability to deposit uniform soft ferromagnetic materials on arbitrary 3D structures opens the door to new discoveries in the field of frustrated artificial spin systems, [ 16 ] as well as geometrically‐induced magnetic chirality, topology and curvature in 3D. [ 1,2,3,12 ] The combination with recent developments in 3D magnetic characterization methods such as 3D dark‐field MOKE and 3D magnetic X‐ray imaging methods, could lead to new insights in the growing field of 3D nanomagnetism, including the development of novel applications such as high‐density storage devices and 3D logic elements.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 1,2,3,12 ] The combination with recent developments in 3D magnetic characterization methods such as 3D dark‐field MOKE and 3D magnetic X‐ray imaging methods, could lead to new insights in the growing field of 3D nanomagnetism, including the development of novel applications such as high‐density storage devices and 3D logic elements. [ 38–45 ]…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electroless Deposition of Ni–Fe Alloys on Scaffolds for 3D Nanomagnetism

Pip

Donnelly

Döbeli

et al. 2020

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3D magnetic nanostructures are of great interest due to the possibility to design novel properties and the benefits for both technological applications such as high‐density data storage, as well as more fundamental studies. One of the main challenges facing the realization of these three‐dimensional systems is their fabrication, which includes the deposition of magnetic materials on 3D surfaces. In this work, the electroless deposition of Ni–Fe on a 3D‐printed, non‐conductive microstructure is presented. The deposited films exhibit low coercivity, with the saturation magnetization and composition corresponding to the archetypal soft magnetic material permalloy. For fundamental studies of 3D micromagnetism, this new development in fabrication offers the possibility to combine the flexibility of 3D nanofabrication techniques such as two‐photon lithography for the fabrication of 3D scaffolds with a homogeneous soft ferromagnetic thin film, and thus represents an important step toward exploring the rich physics of complex 3D magnetic architectures with tailored properties and the development of advanced applications.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electroless Deposition of Ni–Fe Alloys on Scaffolds for 3D Nanomagnetism

Pip

Donnelly

Döbeli

et al. 2020

Small

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“…Combining MPL with electrochemical deposition, thermal evaporation, or sputtering truly arbitrary 3D design magnetic nanostructures (magnetic nanowires, multi-segmented nanowires, nanotubes, etc.) can be produced [260]. Using metal-salt based photoresins, direct metal writing can be achieved, which is used in sensing, catalysis, and nanoelectronics fields.…”

Section: Current Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photopolymerization Mechanisms at a Spatio-temporally Ultra-confined Light

Skliutas¹,

Lebedevaite²,

Kabouraki³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Ultrafast laser 3D lithography based on non-linear light-matter interactions, widely known as multi-photon lithography (MPL), offers unrivaled precision rapid prototyping and flexible additive manufacturing options. 3D printing equipment based on MPL are already commercially available, yet there is still no comprehensive understanding of factors determining spatial resolution, accuracy, fabrication throughput, repeatability, and standardized metrology methods for the accurate characterization of the produced 3D objects and their functionalities. The photoexcitation mechanisms, spatial-control or photo-modified volumes, and the variety of processable materials are topics actively investigated. The complexity of the research field is underlined by limited understanding and fragmented knowledge of light-excitation and material response. Research to date has only provided case-specific findings on photoexcitation, chemical modification, and material characterization of the experimental data. In this review, we aim to provide a consistent and comprehensive summary of the existing literature on photopolymerization mechanisms under highly confined spatial and temporal conditions, where, besides the excitation and cross-linking, parameters such as diffusion, temperature accumulation, and the finite amount of monomer molecules start to become of critical importance. Key parameters such as, photoexcitation, polymerization kinetics, and the properties of the additively manufactured materials at the nanoscale in 3D are examined, whereas, the perspectives for future research and as well as emerging applications are outlined.

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“…Specifically, one of the key driving forces behind advances in the field is the development of 3D fabrication methods that push current resolution limits and control material properties, with, e.g., two-photon lithography [ 9 , 10 , 11 ] and electrodeposition [ 12 , 13 , 14 ] as two clear exponents of such methods. In this review, we focus on focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID), an additive manufacturing technique that is quickly developing into a versatile tool to grow 3D nanomagnets and control their geometry with resolutions down to a few tens of nanometres [ 15 ], see Figure 1 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Writing 3D Nanomagnets Using Focused Electron Beams

et al. 2020

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Focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID) is a direct-write nanofabrication technique able to pattern three-dimensional magnetic nanostructures at resolutions comparable to the characteristic magnetic length scales. FEBID is thus a powerful tool for 3D nanomagnetism which enables unique fundamental studies involving complex 3D geometries, as well as nano-prototyping and specialized applications compatible with low throughputs. In this focused review, we discuss recent developments of this technique for applications in 3D nanomagnetism, namely the substantial progress on FEBID computational methods, and new routes followed to tune the magnetic properties of ferromagnetic FEBID materials. We also review a selection of recent works involving FEBID 3D nanostructures in areas such as scanning probe microscopy sensing, magnetic frustration phenomena, curvilinear magnetism, magnonics and fluxonics, offering a wide perspective of the important role FEBID is likely to have in the coming years in the study of new phenomena involving 3D magnetic nanostructures.

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Harnessing Multi-Photon Absorption to Produce Three-Dimensional Magnetic Structures at the Nanoscale

Cited by 37 publications

References 88 publications

Electroless Deposition of Ni–Fe Alloys on Scaffolds for 3D Nanomagnetism

Electroless Deposition of Ni–Fe Alloys on Scaffolds for 3D Nanomagnetism

Photopolymerization Mechanisms at a Spatio-temporally Ultra-confined Light

Writing 3D Nanomagnets Using Focused Electron Beams

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