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This paper explores the complex relationship among forest management practices and watershed health, emphasizing the crucial function of forests in sustaining freshwater sources. It critiques various factors impacting watershed fitness, including land use changes, deforestation, and urbanization. The study conducted here highlights the importance of sustainable forest management practices, such as environment-based techniques and carbon sequestration, in retaining water quality and quantity. Additionally, it discusses the impact of forest composition on watershed health and the subsequent results on soil approaches, water quality, and biodiversity. The paper additionally addresses the challenges and strategies in handling watersheds, considering the socio-economic, environmental, and political aspects. The findings recommend that an incorporated technique regarding community participation, cross-sectorial coverage integration, and advanced management strategies can improve watershed health and make a contribution to global water security.
This paper explores the complex relationship among forest management practices and watershed health, emphasizing the crucial function of forests in sustaining freshwater sources. It critiques various factors impacting watershed fitness, including land use changes, deforestation, and urbanization. The study conducted here highlights the importance of sustainable forest management practices, such as environment-based techniques and carbon sequestration, in retaining water quality and quantity. Additionally, it discusses the impact of forest composition on watershed health and the subsequent results on soil approaches, water quality, and biodiversity. The paper additionally addresses the challenges and strategies in handling watersheds, considering the socio-economic, environmental, and political aspects. The findings recommend that an incorporated technique regarding community participation, cross-sectorial coverage integration, and advanced management strategies can improve watershed health and make a contribution to global water security.
The Ramganga River basin, comprising three rivers, the Dhela, Dhandi, and Ramganga, plays a vital role in groundwater recharge, sustaining numerous industries, urban areas, and rural communities reliant on these rivers for daily activities. The study’s primary purpose was to analyze the groundwater quality in the context of potability, irrigation, and health risks to the local inhabitants of the Ramganga River basin. In 2021–2022, 52 samples (26 × 2) were collected from 13 locations in two different seasons, i.e., pre-monsoon and post-monsoon, and 20 physico-chemical and heavy metal and metalloids were analyzed using the standard protocols. The result shows that heavy metal and metalloids and metalloid concentrations of Zn (0.309–1.787 and 0.613–1.633); Fe (0.290–0.965 and 0.253–1.720), Cd (0.001–0.002 and 0.001–0.002); As (0.001–0.002 and 0.001–0.002), Cr (0.009–0.027 and 0.011–0.029), and Pb (−0.001–0.010 and 0.00–0.010) values in mg/L are present in both seasons. The groundwater quality index (GWQI), heavy metal pollution Index (HPI), and heavy metal evaluation index (HEI) were used to assess the water quality and metal pollution in the basin area. As per GWQI values, water quality lies from excellent water quality (41.639 and 43.091) to good water quality (56.326 and 53.902); as per HPI values, it shows good (29.51 and 30.03) to poor quality (60.26 and 59.75) and HEI values show the low-level contamination (1.03–2.57 and 1.13–3.37) of heavy metal and metalloids in both seasons. According to the potential health risk assessment, infants show low risk in pre-monsoon and low risk to medium post-monsoon, while children and adults show low risk to high risk in both seasons. From the health risk perspective, it shows that children and adults have more concerns about non-carcinogenic effects, so adequate remedial measures and treatment are required to avoid the groundwater quality of the Ramganga River basin.
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