Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Forceon Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World HeartFederation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity

Alberti, K. G. M. M.; Eckel, R H; Grundy, Scott M.; Zimmet, P; Cleeman, James I.; Donato, Karen A.; Fruchart, Jean Charles; James, W. P. T.; Loria, Catherine M.; C.Jr, Smith S

doi:10.14341/2071-8713-5281

Cited by 3,503 publications

(5,332 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

4,729

Contrasting

Unclassified

153

Order By: Relevance

“…Metabolic syndrome was defined as the presence of three or more of the following components: body mass index (BMI) $30 kg/m 2 , serum triglyceride level$150 mg/dl, HDL#50 mg/dl in women and #40 mg/dl in men, hypertension (BP.130/85 mmHg or on antihypertensive medications), and impaired glucose metabolism (presence of diabetes, use of oral hypoglycemics, or blood glucose level$200 mg/dl) (9). Because fasting blood glucose was not available, we included both the drug treatment for diabetes and physician diagnosis of diabetes in addition to blood glucose values to identify those patients with impaired glucose metabolism as suggested in the consensus definition (9). Similarly, it is recommended to consider BMI$30 kg/m 2 as a risk factor in the absence of waist circumference data, because this value approximates a waist circumference.102 cm in men and .88 cm in women.…”

Section: Definitions and Outcome Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the past, various diagnostic criteria have been proposed by different organizations for metabolic syndrome (6)(7)(8). Recent consensus definition for metabolic syndrome consists of elevated BP, dyslipidemia (low HDL cholesterol and elevated serum triglycerides), elevated fasting glucose (impaired fasting glucose or type 2 diabetes), and central obesity (9). Previous observational studies and their meta-analysis reported an association between metabolic syndrome and incident CKD, microalbuminuria, and proteinuria among different ethnic groups (10)(11)(12)(13).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Metabolic Syndrome, ESRD, and Death in CKD

Navaneethan

Schold

Kirwan

et al. 2013

Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SummaryBackground and objectives Previous studies reported an association between metabolic syndrome , incident CKD, and proteinuria. This study examined the associations between metabolic syndrome and its components with ESRD and death among those patients with stages 3 and 4 CKD (estimated GFR=15-59 ml/min per 1.73 m 2 ).Design, setting, participants, & measurements Patients with stages 3 and 4 CKD (n=25,868) who had data relating to metabolic syndrome and were followed in our health care system were identified using an electronic medical record-based registry. Cox proportional hazards models and competing risk analyses were used to study the associations between metabolic syndrome, its components (elevated BP, low HDL cholesterol, elevated serum triglycerides, impaired glucose metabolism, and obesity), and all-cause mortality and ESRD while adjusting for demographics, comorbid conditions, use of relevant medications, and renal function.Results Sixty percent of the study population (n=15,605) had metabolic syndrome. In the multivariate-adjusted analysis, presence of metabolic syndrome was associated with an increased risk for ESRD (hazard ratio=1.33, 95% confidence interval=1.08, 1.64) but not death (hazard ratio=1.04, 95% confidence interval=0.97, 1.12) during a mean follow-up of 2.3 years. Among the individual components of metabolic syndrome, impaired glucose metabolism, elevated triglycerides, and hypertension were associated with increased risk for ESRD, whereas low HDL cholesterol and impaired glucose metabolism were associated with higher risk of death.Conclusions Presence of metabolic syndrome is associated with ESRD but not death in patients with stages 3 and 4 CKD.Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 8: 945-952, 2013.

show abstract

Section: Definitions and Outcome Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic Syndrome, ESRD, and Death in CKD

Navaneethan

Schold

Kirwan

et al. 2013

Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…MetS comprises a cluster of cardiometabolic risk factors, its central features being insulin resistance (IR) and adiposity [1,4]. The Adult Treatment Panel III (ATPIII) criteria of the National Cholesterol and Education Program (NCEP) for MetS are the presence of three of the following characteristics: dysglycemia, low plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), increased triglycerides (TG), elevated blood pressure, and abdominal obesity (AO) [5]. The diagnosis of MetS has been harmonized internationally using the NCEP ATPIII criteria with the notable exception of cutoffs for AO for waist circumference, which differ by ethnicity, country [5], and region [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Adult Treatment Panel III (ATPIII) criteria of the National Cholesterol and Education Program (NCEP) for MetS are the presence of three of the following characteristics: dysglycemia, low plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), increased triglycerides (TG), elevated blood pressure, and abdominal obesity (AO) [5]. The diagnosis of MetS has been harmonized internationally using the NCEP ATPIII criteria with the notable exception of cutoffs for AO for waist circumference, which differ by ethnicity, country [5], and region [6]. MetS is of concern due to its association with an increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), and other cardiometabolic diseases [7,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of leptin/adiponectin ratio in metabolic syndrome and diabetes

López‐Jaramillo¹,

Gómez-Arbeláez²,

López‐López

et al. 2013

Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation

337

299

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract:The metabolic syndrome comprises a cluster of cardiometabolic risk factors, with insulin resistance and adiposity as its central features. Identifying individuals with metabolic syndrome is important due to its association with an increased risk of coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Attention has focused on the visceral adipose tissue production of cytokines (adipokines) in metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus, as the levels of the anti-inflammatory adipokine adiponectin are decreased, while proinflammatory cytokines are elevated, creating a proinflammatory state associated with insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction. In this review, we will give special attention to the role of the leptin/adiponectin ratio. We have previously demonstrated that in individuals with severe coronary artery disease, abdominal obesity was uniquely related to decreased plasma concentrations of adiponectin and increased leptin levels. Leptin/adiponectin imbalance was associated with increased waist circumference and a decreased vascular response to acetylcholine and increased vasoconstriction due to angiotensin II. Leptin and adiponectin have opposite effects on subclinical inflammation and insulin resistance. Leptin upregulates proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6; these are associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. In contrast, adiponectin has anti-inflammatory properties and downregulates the expression and release of a number of proinflammatory immune mediators. Therefore, it appears that interactions between angiotensin II and leptin/adiponectin imbalance may be important mediators of the elevated risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases associated with abdominal obesity.

show abstract

“…Cardiovascular (CV) risk factors include hypertension (HT), dysglycemia (elevated fasting glucose and insulin resistance), dyslipidemia [elevated trigylcerides and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol], and obesity (central adiposity). 1 These risk factors are the hallmark of metabolic syndrome (MS), more often occur together than in isolation, 1 and have been shown to directly increase atherosclerotic CVD. 2 In 2001, Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines called specific attention to the importance of targeting CV risk factors of MS as a method of CVD risk reduction therapy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%