Harmonizing the Landsat Ground Reference with the Sentinel-2 Global Reference Image Using Space-Based Bundle Adjustment

Rengarajan, Rajagopalan; Storey, James C.; Choate, Michael J.

doi:10.3390/rs12193132

Cited by 25 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…For example, the fusion of high-frequency MODIS data with relatively higher spatial resolution Landsat data allows for the extraction of greater detail in highly dynamic situations [96]. Similarly, radiometrically consistent Landsat data can be fused with Sentinel-2 data, which has a higher spatial resolution [97]. A detailed review is available on recent applications of Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 with both pixel-based and geographical objectbased approaches.…”

Section: Preprocessing and Data Fusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Review of Landsat Data for Change Detection Applications: 50 Years of Monitoring the Earth

et al. 2021

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With uninterrupted space-based data collection since 1972, Landsat plays a key role in systematic monitoring of the Earth’s surface, enabled by an extensive and free, radiometrically consistent, global archive of imagery. Governments and international organizations rely on Landsat time series for monitoring and deriving a systematic understanding of the dynamics of the Earth’s surface at a spatial scale relevant to management, scientific inquiry, and policy development. In this study, we identify trends in Landsat-informed change detection studies by surveying 50 years of published applications, processing, and change detection methods. Specifically, a representative database was created resulting in 490 relevant journal articles derived from the Web of Science and Scopus. From these articles, we provide a review of recent developments, opportunities, and trends in Landsat change detection studies. The impact of the Landsat free and open data policy in 2008 is evident in the literature as a turning point in the number and nature of change detection studies. Based upon the search terms used and articles included, average number of Landsat images used in studies increased from 10 images before 2008 to 100,000 images in 2020. The 2008 opening of the Landsat archive resulted in a marked increase in the number of images used per study, typically providing the basis for the other trends in evidence. These key trends include an increase in automated processing, use of analysis-ready data (especially those with atmospheric correction), and use of cloud computing platforms, all over increasing large areas. The nature of change methods has evolved from representative bi-temporal pairs to time series of images capturing dynamics and trends, capable of revealing both gradual and abrupt changes. The result also revealed a greater use of nonparametric classifiers for Landsat change detection analysis. Landsat-9, to be launched in September 2021, in combination with the continued operation of Landsat-8 and integration with Sentinel-2, enhances opportunities for improved monitoring of change over increasingly larger areas with greater intra- and interannual frequency.

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Section: Preprocessing and Data Fusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Review of Landsat Data for Change Detection Applications: 50 Years of Monitoring the Earth

et al. 2021

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“…The Landsat 7 GLS database was augmented with Landsat 8 data, which was further harmonized with GRI with space-based triangulation (Storey et al, 2019). Reprocessed Landsat collection 2 of Landsat 8 data has achieved geolocation accuracy of 8 meters at CE90 using GCPs from the harmonized GLS (Rengarajan et al, 2020). The accuracy is achieved by registering level-1 products to the control base of GRI and Landsat 8 augmented GLS (USGS 2021).…”

Section: Geometric Calibration and Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calibration and Validation for the Surface Biology and Geology (SBG) Mission Concept: Challenges of a Multi-Sensor System for Imaging Spectroscopy and Thermal Imagery

Turpie¹,

Casey²,

Crawford³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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The primary objective of the NASA Surface Biology and Geology (SBG) mission is to measure biological, physical, chemical, and mineralogical features of the Earth's surface, realizing the conceptual component of the envisioned NASA Earth System Observatory (ESO). SBG is planned to launch as a two-platform mission in the late 2020s, the first of the ESO satellites. Targeted science and applications objectives based on observations of the Earth's surface biology and geology helped to define the mission architecture and instrument capabilities for the SBG mission concept. These objectives further drove the need for enabling change detection and trending of surface biological and geological features. These needs implied fundamental Journal of Geophysical Research -Biogeosciences calibration goals to achieve the necessary science data quality characteristics. To meet those goals, calibration and validation pre-launch and on-orbit methods formed a basis of the calibration and validation concept, including the combined use of on-board references, vicarious techniques, and routine lunar imaging. International collaboration with space agencies in other countries, an important feature of the recommended SBG mission architecture, uncovered and emphasized the need for inter-calibration techniques that underscored the importance of collaborative instrument characterization data sharing and the use of common calibration references that are International System of Units (SI) traceable in pre-launch and post-launch on orbit calibration mission phases. International collaboration through the use of terrestrial and aquatic networks on six continents for vicarious calibration and validation activities will produce unprecedented data quality. Table 2 Example reference data sets and models, each supporting geometric calibration (Geo Cal), radiometric calibration (Rad Cal), surface reflectance (Reflectance) or the generation of certain science data products (Science Data), with some supporting more than one. Reference Data Set or Model Purpose Star catalog and planetary ephemeris data Geo Cal Leap second and polar wander that includes (UT1-UTC) Geo Cal Ground Control Point (GCP) database or Global Reference Image (GRI) Geo Cal Time-dependent calibration adjustments Rad Cal Lunar irradiance model (e.g., ROLO, GIRO or LIME)* Rad Cal Solar irradiance spectrum* Rad Cal, Reflectance Instrument char. data (e.g., radiometric, spectral and polarization responses) Rad Cal, Reflectance Vicarious calibration adjustments Reflectance Spectral transmission of absorbing gases (e.g., H2O, O3, NO2). Reflectance Meteorological data (e.g., wind, relative humidity, pressure and temperature) Reflectance Aerosol models Reflectance BRDF models of vicarious calibration sites Reflectance Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and Earth Gravitational Model (e.g., EGM96) Geo Cal Inland water body masks or land/water masks Reflectance Land/sea masks Reflectance Bathymetry Reflectance, Science Data Global shoreline vector data set Science Data Sea surface temperature clima...

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“…For some geometric applications, the C2 GCPs are used within the IAS; however, for the calibration routines requiring the higher accuracy reference imagery, the Geometric Supersite ground control is used. Prior to the reprocessing of the Landsat archive for the creation of the C2 archive, the Landsat ground control was block adjusted to better align it to that of the Sentinel ground control, while at the same time approximately doubling the number of ground control points by adding L8 OLI-1 chips to the library [6][7][8]. This adjustment was performed based on the Global Reference Imagery (GRI) created by the Sentinel-2 mission which is implemented within their product generation system.…”

Section: Processing Systems and Reference Imagerymentioning

confidence: 99%

Operational Aspects of Landsat 8 and 9 Geometry

Choate,

Rengarajan,

Hasan

et al. 2023

Remote Sensing

Self Cite

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Landsat 9 (L9) was launched on 27 September 2021. This spacecraft contained two instruments, the Operational Land Imager-2 (OLI-2) and Thermal Infrared Sensor-2 (TIRS-2), that allow for a continuation of the Landsat program and the mission to acquire multi-spectral observations of the globe on a moderate scale. Following a period of commissioning, during which time the spacecraft and instruments were initialized and set up for operations, with the initial calibration performed, the mission moved to an operational mode This operational mode involved the same cadence and methods that were performed for the Landsat 8 (L8) spacecraft and the two instruments onboard, the Operational Land Imager-1 (OLI-1) and Thermal Infrared Sensor-1 (TIRS-1), with respect to calibration, characterization, and validation. This paper discusses the geometric operational aspects of the L9 instruments during the first year of the mission and post-commissioning, and compares these same geometric activities performed for L8 during the same time frame. During this time, optical axes of the two sensors, OLI-1 and OLI-2, were adjusted to stay aligned with the spacecraft’s Attitude Control System (ACS), and the TIRS-1 and TIRS-2 instruments were adjusted to stay aligned with the OLI-1 and OLI-2 instruments, respectively. In this paper, the L9 operational adjustments are compared to the same operational aspects of L8 during this same time frame. The comparisons shown in this paper will demonstrate that both instruments aboard L8 and L9 performed very similar geometric qualities while fully meeting the expected requirements. This paper describes the geometric differences between the L9 imagery that was made available to the public prior to the reprocessing campaign that was performed using the new calibration updates to the sensor and to ACS and TIRS-to-OLI alignment parameters. This reprocessing campaign of L9 products involved data acquired from the launch of the spacecraft up to early 2023.

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Harmonizing the Landsat Ground Reference with the Sentinel-2 Global Reference Image Using Space-Based Bundle Adjustment

Cited by 25 publications

References 15 publications

A Systematic Review of Landsat Data for Change Detection Applications: 50 Years of Monitoring the Earth

A Systematic Review of Landsat Data for Change Detection Applications: 50 Years of Monitoring the Earth

Calibration and Validation for the Surface Biology and Geology (SBG) Mission Concept: Challenges of a Multi-Sensor System for Imaging Spectroscopy and Thermal Imagery

Operational Aspects of Landsat 8 and 9 Geometry

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