Harmful Algal Bloom-Associated Marine Toxins: A Risk Assessment Framework

Krahl, P

doi:10.3200/aeoh.64.2.129-134

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…This information should be collected in parallel with the ecological surveillance of Gambierdiscus species, presence and abundance, to identify environmental predictors of CFP worldwide [182,185,205,232,323,332,333]. Collaborative, multi-agency, systematic risk assessment frameworks [334] are desirable to collect and share environmental and public health data and ultimately to reduce exposures to CTXs [333]. …”

Section: Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Updated Review of Ciguatera Fish Poisoning: Clinical, Epidemiological, Environmental, and Public Health Management

et al. 2017

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Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) is the most frequently reported seafood-toxin illness in the world. It causes substantial human health, social, and economic impacts. The illness produces a complex array of gastrointestinal, neurological and neuropsychological, and cardiovascular symptoms, which may last days, weeks, or months. This paper is a general review of CFP including the human health effects of exposure to ciguatoxins (CTXs), diagnosis, human pathophysiology of CFP, treatment, detection of CTXs in fish, epidemiology of the illness, global dimensions, prevention, future directions, and recommendations for clinicians and patients. It updates and expands upon the previous review of CFP published by Friedman et al. (2008) and addresses new insights and relevant emerging global themes such as climate and environmental change, international market issues, and socioeconomic impacts of CFP. It also provides a proposed universal case definition for CFP designed to account for the variability in symptom presentation across different geographic regions. Information that is important but unchanged since the previous review has been reiterated. This article is intended for a broad audience, including resource and fishery managers, commercial and recreational fishers, public health officials, medical professionals, and other interested parties.

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Section: Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Updated Review of Ciguatera Fish Poisoning: Clinical, Epidemiological, Environmental, and Public Health Management

et al. 2017

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“…Marine toxins produced by harmful algal blooms present a health risk to humans, but the extent of that risk remains unquantified [16]. Toxins produced by marine algae are accumulated through the food chain and are ultimately deposited in higher predator fish or filter-feeding bivalves.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Induction of Genotoxic Damage in Fish as Revealed by the Micronucleus Test and the Comet Assay Following In Vivo Exposure to Marine Toxin Okadaic Acid

Könen¹,

Çavaş²

2015

Third International Conference on Advances in Applied Science and Environmental Technology - ASET 2015

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Okadaic acid (OA) involved in Diarrheic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) is a marine toxin produced by dinoflagellates such as Prorocentrum sp. Although the neurotoxic properties of DA are well documented, very little is known regarding in vivo genotoxicity of OA on aquatic organisms, especially on fish. In the present paper, an in vivo study on the genotoxic effects of OA was carried out on a model fish Oreochromis niloticus using the micronucleus test and the comet assay. The fish were exposed to three different doses of okadaic acid via intraperitoneal injection. Ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) at a single dose of 5 mg/l was used as positive control. Analysis of micronuclei, nuclear abnormalities and DNA damage were carried out on peripheral erythrocytes sampled at intervals of 24, 48 and 72 h post treatment. Our results revealed significant increases in the frequencies of micronuclei, nuclear abnormalities as well as DNA strand breaks indicating the genotoxic potential of OA on fish.

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“…The impacts of HABs fall into three categories: harmful effects upon human health, detrimental environmental impacts including impacts to aquatic biota, and economic losses to a range of sectors and stakeholders. Of these three, the assessment of risks associated with HABS has focused primarily on human health (Hitzfeld et al, 2000;Carmichael, 2001;Van Dolah et al, 2001;Krahl, 2009;Cheung et al, 2013;Ibelings et al, 2014;Janssen, 2019). These effects can be significant, even life threatening, depending on the particular HAB species, the toxin involved and the route of exposure (Berdalet et al, 2016).…”

Section: Hab Associated Risksmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Exposure assessment establishes the extent and routes of potential toxin exposures, namely ingestion, inhalation or dermal contact. Effect risk characterization merges the last 2 steps to determine the probability of toxin exposure in sufficiently high concentrations to have a clinical effect (Van Dolah et al, 2001;Krahl, 2009). This is most easily assessed for ingestion of identified toxins.…”

Section: Hab Associated Risksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Florida’s Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) Problem: Escalating Risks to Human, Environmental and Economic Health With Climate Change

Heil

Muni-Morgan

2021

Front. Ecol. Evol.

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Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) pose unique risks to the citizens, stakeholders, visitors, environment and economy of the state of Florida. Florida has been historically subjected to reoccurring blooms of the toxic marine dinoflagellate Karenia brevis (C. C. Davis) G. Hansen & Moestrup since at least first contact with explorers in the 1500’s. However, ongoing immigration of more than 100,000 people year–1 into the state, elevated population densities in coastal areas with attendant rapid, often unregulated development, coastal eutrophication, and climate change impacts (e.g., increasing hurricane severity, increases in water temperature, ocean acidification and sea level rise) has likely increased the occurrence of other HABs, both freshwater and marine, within the state as well as the number of people impacted by these blooms. Currently, over 75 freshwater, estuarine, coastal and marine HAB species are routinely monitored by state agencies. While only blooms of K. brevis, the dinoflagellate Pyrodinium bahamense (Böhm) Steidinger, Tester, and Taylor and the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia spp. have resulted in closure of commercial shellfish beds, other HAB species, including freshwater and marine cyanobacteria, pose either imminent or unknown risks to human, environmental and economic health. HAB related human health risks can be classified into those related to consumption of contaminated shellfish and finfish, consumption of or contact with bloom or toxin contaminated water or exposure to aerosolized HAB toxins. While acute human illnesses resulting from consumption of brevetoxin-, saxitoxin-, and domoic acid-contaminated commercial shellfish have been minimized by effective monitoring and regulation, illnesses due to unregulated toxin exposures, e.g., ciguatoxins and cyanotoxins, are not well documented or understood. Aerosolized HAB toxins potentially impact the largest number of people within Florida. While short-term (days to weeks) impacts of aerosolized brevetoxin exposure are well documented (e.g., decreased respiratory function for at-risk subgroups such as asthmatics), little is known of longer term (>1 month) impacts of exposure or the risks posed by aerosolized cyanotoxin [e.g., microcystin, β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA)] exposure. Environmental risks of K. brevis blooms are the best studied of Florida HABs and include acute exposure impacts such as significant dies-offs of fish, marine mammals, seabirds and turtles, as well as negative impacts on larval and juvenile stages of many biota. When K. brevis blooms are present, brevetoxins can be found throughout the water column and are widespread in both pelagic and benthic biota. The presence of brevetoxins in living tissue of both fish and marine mammals suggests that food web transfer of these toxins is occurring, resulting in toxin transport beyond the spatial and temporal range of the bloom such that impacts of these toxins may occur in areas not regularly subjected to blooms. Climate change impacts, including temperature effects on cell metabolism, shifting ocean circulation patterns and changes in HAB species range and bloom duration, may exacerbate these dynamics. Secondary HAB related environmental impacts are also possible due to hypoxia and anoxia resulting from elevated bloom biomass and/or the decomposition of HAB related mortalities. Economic risks related to HABs in Florida are diverse and impact multiple stakeholder groups. Direct costs related to human health impacts (e.g., increased hospital visits) as well as recreational and commercial fisheries can be significant, especially with wide-spread sustained HABs. Recreational and tourism-based industries which sustain a significant portion of Florida’s economy are especially vulnerable to both direct (e.g., declines in coastal hotel occupancy rates and restaurant and recreational users) and indirect (e.g., negative publicity impacts, associated job losses) impacts from HABs. While risks related to K. brevis blooms are established, Florida also remains susceptible to future HABs due to large scale freshwater management practices, degrading water quality, potential transport of HABs between freshwater and marine systems and the state’s vulnerability to climate change impacts.

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Harmful Algal Bloom-Associated Marine Toxins: A Risk Assessment Framework

Cited by 6 publications

References 35 publications

An Updated Review of Ciguatera Fish Poisoning: Clinical, Epidemiological, Environmental, and Public Health Management

An Updated Review of Ciguatera Fish Poisoning: Clinical, Epidemiological, Environmental, and Public Health Management

Induction of Genotoxic Damage in Fish as Revealed by the Micronucleus Test and the Comet Assay Following In Vivo Exposure to Marine Toxin Okadaic Acid

Florida’s Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) Problem: Escalating Risks to Human, Environmental and Economic Health With Climate Change

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