Harm Causation and Ranking in Car Crashes

Malliaris, Angelos; Hitchcock, Ralph J.; Hansen, Marie Feldskov

doi:10.4271/850090

Cited by 58 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…The societal cost of injury based on AIS severity was estimated as a harm score by Malliaris et al (1985), though more recent estimates of cost by AIS codes are specific to body region and injury type (Blincoe et al 2015;Eigen and Martin 2005). Isolated estimates of mortality and disability can also be made based on AIS-coded injuries (Eigen and Martin 2005;MacKenzie et al 1994;Malm et al 2008;Weaver et al 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Opportunities for crash and injury reduction: A multiharm approach for crash data analysis

Mallory

Kender

Moorhouse

2017

Traffic Injury Prevention

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Objective: A multiharm approach for analyzing crash and injury data was developed for the ultimate purpose of getting a richer picture of motor vehicle crash outcomes for identifying research opportunities in crash safety. Methods: Methods were illustrated using a retrospective analysis of 69,597 occupant cases from NASS CDS from 2005 to 2015. Occupant cases were analyzed by frequency and severity of outcome: fatality, injury by Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS), number of cases, attributable fatality, disability, and injury costs. Comparative analysis variables included precrash scenario, impact type, and injured body region. Results: Crash and injury prevention opportunities vary depending on the search parameters. For example, occupants in rear-end crash scenarios were more frequent than in any other precrash configuration, yet there were significantly more fatalities and serious injury cases in control loss, road departure, and opposite direction crashes. Fatality is most frequently associated with head and thorax injury, and disability is primarily associated with extremity injury. Costs attributed to specific body regions are more evenly distributed, dominated by injuries to the head, thorax, and extremities but with contributions from all body regions. Though AIS 3+ can be used as a single measure of harm, an analysis based on multiple measures of harm gives a much more detailed picture of the risk presented by a particular injury or set of crash conditions. Conclusions: The developed methods represent a new approach to crash data mining that is expected to be useful for the identification of research priorities and opportunities for reduction of crashes and injuries. As the pace of crash safety improvement accelerates with innovations in both active and passive safety, these techniques for combining outcome measures for insights beyond fatality and serious injury will be increasingly valuable.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Opportunities for crash and injury reduction: A multiharm approach for crash data analysis

Mallory

Kender

Moorhouse

2017

Traffic Injury Prevention

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“…25 Women have been shown to suffer the majority of these pelvic fractures. 24 Thomas and Frampton 27 determined that fractures of the pelvis and lower extremity scored higher than any other form of injury on the HARM scale, 19 which reflects economic costs associated with long-term outcome.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Trochanteric Soft Tissues and Bone Density on Fracture of the Female Pelvis in Experimental Side Impacts

et al. 2005

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Pelvic fractures continue to be a source of morbidity and mortality for occupants in motor vehicle side impacts, especially among women. Previous studies have produced fracture tolerances for the female pelvis, yet the roles of soft tissues and bone quality remain unclear. Presently, we studied the influence of trochanteric soft tissue thickness (T) and total hip bone mineral density (BMD) on pelvic fracture of 10 female human pelves subject to lateral impact centered over the greater trochanter. Multiple impacts of increasing severity were performed and impact force, energy, impulse, compression, and viscous criteria were quantified. BMD and T were found to be additive predictors of the fracture force. For a given BMD, the force to fracture was significantly higher than that found previously using isolated pelvic bones. Impulse was found to positively correlate with T; however, maximum compression, viscous criterion, and energy to fracture were independent of BMD and T. The force tolerance at 25% probability of fracture found presently (3.16 kN) is substantially below previously reported values. The results suggest that the trochanteric soft tissue thickness and total hip BMD have a significant bearing on fracture outcome for the female pelvis in automotive side impact.

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“…R W Kent and J R Crandall where W n is the relative severity of injuries to body region n. This function may take the form of existing injury functions, such as harm [15,16]. 7.…”

Section: Description Of Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

A hybrid technique for determining optimal restraint system characteristics

Kent¹,

Crandall²

2006

International Journal of Crashworthiness

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This paper describes a hybrid technique for identifying optimal restraint parameters as functions of occupant and collision characteristics and for assessing the potential benefit of proposed changes in restraint system design. Computer simulation results are used to develop exposure-weighted injury risk functions, which are used to quantify the effect of a change in restraint parameters relative to a baseline design and to determine optimal restraint parameters for a specific population of occupants and collisions. Computational results and field-based results are related using an error function, which is then used to predict the field outcome of a design change based on simulations of the new design. An example application of the technique is presented using the air bag gas flow rate as the variable to be optimized based on minimizing thoracic injury risk for young, male, belted occupants over the population of frontal impacts in which deployments occur.

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Harm Causation and Ranking in Car Crashes

Cited by 58 publications

References 1 publication

Opportunities for crash and injury reduction: A multiharm approach for crash data analysis

Opportunities for crash and injury reduction: A multiharm approach for crash data analysis

Effects of Trochanteric Soft Tissues and Bone Density on Fracture of the Female Pelvis in Experimental Side Impacts

A hybrid technique for determining optimal restraint system characteristics

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