Hardwoods of North America

Alden, Harry A.

doi:10.2737/fpl-gtr-83

Cited by 55 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Overall means for longitudinal, radial, and tangential shrinkages were 0.43%, 2.6%, and 5%, respectively (Table 4). These values are slightly lower than those reported in previous studies (Alden 1995;Koubaa et al 1998a;Pliura et al 2005). These lower shrinkage values indicate higher dimensional stability of these clones.…”

Section: Clonal Variationcontrasting

confidence: 56%

Variation of the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Poplar Clones

Huda¹,

Koubaa²,

Cloutier³

et al. 2014

BioResources

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The physical and mechanical properties of poplar clones largely determine their suitability for various end-uses, especially for high valueadded applications. The main objective of this study was to determine the clonal variation of selected physical and mechanical properties of seven hybrid poplar clones grown at three sites in southern Quebec, Canada. Five trees per clone were randomly sampled from each site for wood properties measurement. Site had a significant effect on all measured properties except radial shrinkage. All properties of hybrid poplar wood showed significant interclonal variation, indicating the possibility of identifying clones with superior wood properties, especially for density, flexural modulus of rupture, and ultimate crushing strength. High heritability values for the studied properties indicated that these properties are under moderate to high genetic control. The genetic gain for these wood properties ranged from 2.0% to 13.5%.

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Section: Clonal Variationcontrasting

confidence: 56%

Variation of the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Poplar Clones

Huda¹,

Koubaa²,

Cloutier³

et al. 2014

BioResources

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“…Yet, breaks observed on various shafts indicate that this property might have been important. For this reason, we added the qualitative value Alden (1995Alden ( , 1997 and Anonymous (1963 Beckhoff's first index is calculated using the following formula: δ´ = E/r of shock resistance, as found in descriptive accounts of the different woods (Alden, 1995(Alden, , 1997, to Beckhoff's criteria (Table 3). For example, white spruce has a higher shock resistance than black spruce, which might improve its adaptability index if this characteristic were taken into account.…”

Section: Ice Patch Arrow Shafts • 103mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We calculated the δ´ index using mechanical values available for commercial wood that has grown in the more temperate regions of the United States (Alden, 1995(Alden, , 1997. However, these values, and especially those of coniferous and spruce wood, are ultimately related to the conditions under which trees grew and to where the wood is taken within the stem (Jane, 1970;Sonderegger et al, 2008).…”

Section: Ice Patch Arrow Shafts • 103mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These included species of the boreal forest and the spruce-hemlock forest of southeastern Alaska for which mechanical strength values were available (Table 3). The evaluation of their relative grain straightness and cleavability was established on the basis of observations reported in U.S. Department of Agriculture publications (Anonymous, 1963;Alden, 1995Alden, , 1997. However, one has to keep in mind that some boreal species such as spruce and birch would be rated by traditional users and carvers as having very straight grain with a very good cleavability as long as one knew to test and select the "right" wood or the tree with the right properties (Alix, 2007).…”

Section: Rating Wood Species For Arrow Making: Beckhoff's Formulamentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Thousand Years of Lost Hunting Arrows: Wood Analysis of Ice Patch Remains in Northwestern Canada

Alix¹,

Hare²,

Andrews³

et al. 2012

ARCTIC

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ABSTRACT. Discussions of the development of past hunting equipment generally focus on lithic and bone projectile points and foreshafts, as these are often the only elements remaining in archaeological sites. In the last 15 years, the archaeology of alpine ice patches has provided a unique opportunity to analyze hunting equipment over time and gain knowledge of the wooden elements on which the points are hafted. This paper describes the wood and morphometrical analysis of a collection of 27 arrow shafts from two ice patch regions of the western Canadian Subarctic. In both regions, two main categories of arrow shafts show the selection of specific pieces of wood, spruce (Picea sp.) on the one hand and birch (Betula sp.) on the other, with associated morphometrical characteristics. These shafts also share some characteristics that are distinct from those of Arctic and coastal arrow shafts. Shafts of pine (Pinus sp. sec. ponderosa) and hemlock (Tsuga sp.) were also identified in the southwestern Yukon Territory. The absence of correlation between the arrow shaft types and 14 C dating raises the question of the significance of the arrow types and the potential for function, trade, or travel to explain the variation.Key words: archery, arrow shafts, ice patch archaeology, wood analysis, xylology, Subarctic, Arctic, Southwest Yukon, Northwest Territories RÉSUMÉ. Les discussions sur le développement des armes de chasse se concentrent généralement sur les pointes de projectile et les préhampes en matières lithiques et osseuses car ce sont ces éléments qui sont les plus souvent retrouvés dans les sites archéologiques. Ces quinze dernières années, l'archéologie des névés alpins nous donne l'opportunité unique d'analyser des équipements de chasse sur le long terme et de documenter les éléments en bois au bout desquels les pointes sont emmanchées. Dans cet article, nous décrivons l'analyse d'une collection de vingt-sept hampes de flèche en bois végétal provenant de deux régions de névés du Subarctique canadien. Dans les deux régions, on définit deux catégories principales de hampes de flèche qui montrent une sélection spécifique de pièces de bois d'épicéa (Picea sp.) et de bouleau (Betula sp.) auxquelles correspondent des caractéristiques morphométriques propres. Ces hampes partagent aussi des caractéristiques qui les distinguent de celles plus nordiques des côtes de l'Arctique. Des hampes faites en bois de pin (Pinus sp. sec. ponderosa) et de pruche (Tsuga sp.) ont également été identifiées dans le Sud-ouest du Territoire du Yukon. L'absence de corrélation entre les types de hampe de flèche et les dates radiocarbone soulève la question du sens à donner à ces types de flèche. Des facteurs tels que la fonction, les échanges ou des déplacements de personne sont envisagés.

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“…[13] This family members are mainly distributed in northern temperate zone and usually characterized with their stipulate, doubly serrate leaves, catkins and small winged fruits or nuts with leafy bracts. [14,15] Ostrya, which is a genus in Betulaceae family, comprises the several species, including O. carpinifolia (European hophornbeam), O. virginiana (Eastern hophornbeam), O. chiosensis (Chisos hophornbeam) and O. knowltonii (Knowlton hophornbeam), [16,17] which are native to Mexico, Eurasia, eastern Asia/Japan, USA and Canada. [18,19] Ostrya carpinifolia, or European hophornbeam, has a distribution from South France to Bulgaria, West Syria, Anatolia and to Transcaucasia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of genetic diversity in natural European hophornbeam (Ostrya carpinifoliaScop.) populations in Turkey

Kulaç

Filiz

Çiçek

et al. 2016

Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment

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Genetic diversity is a crucial component for plant survivability and fitness in terms of adaptation, genetic stability and variability. In this study, a total of 160 genotypes were investigated using 12 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers to understand the genetic structure and diversity of nine naturally distributed Ostrya carpinifolia populations in Turkey. Twelve RAPD primers yielded 111 clearly identifiable DNA bands, of which 71 bands were found to be polymorphic (64%). Observed number of alleles (Na), effective number of alleles (Ne) and Nei's gene diversity (h) were found as 2, 1.53 and 0.32, respectively. Total genetic variation (H T ), withinpopulation genetic variation (H S ) and Nei's genetic differentiation coefficient (G ST ) were found as 0.32, 0.09 and 0.70, respectively. Genetic diversity analysis (AMOVA) revealed highly significant (P < 0.001) genetic variations among and within populations. 69.94% of total variation was observed among populations while 26.69% was within populations. Gene flow value was calculated as 0.21 (Nm < 0.5), which could homogenize the genetic structure of a population. Two geographically isolated populations demonstrated high gene diversity and polymorphic loci ratio, indicating a relationship between geographic distribution of populations and eco-geographic factors. The findings of this study will pave the way for understanding the genetic diversity between inter-and intra-populations of O. carpinifolia species, as well as they would provide valuable information for management, conservation and utilization of in situ and ex situ Ostrya germplasms.

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Hardwoods of North America

Cited by 55 publications

References 12 publications

Variation of the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Poplar Clones

Variation of the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Poplar Clones

A Thousand Years of Lost Hunting Arrows: Wood Analysis of Ice Patch Remains in Northwestern Canada

Assessment of genetic diversity in natural European hophornbeam (Ostrya carpinifoliaScop.) populations in Turkey

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