Hardwood supply in the Pacific Northwest-a policy perspective.

Raettig, Terry L.; Connaughton, Kent P.; Ahrens, Glenn R.

doi:10.2737/pnw-rp-478

Cited by 7 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Terry Raettig, Kent Connaughton, and Glenn Ahrens (Oregon State University) took a comprehensive view in 1995 of Northwest hardwoods, of which alder comprises 87 percent on the ground. 99 Hardwood volumes were the highest ever and increasing, but at a slower rate than during the previous decade. Discrimination against hardwoods in state reforestation rules had diminished.…”

mentioning

confidence: 90%

Forest economics research at the Pacific Northwest Research Station, to 2000.

Flora¹

2003

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The contributions for over 80 years by scientists at the Pacific Northwest Research Station to developments in economic theory, economic tools, policies, and economic issues are summarized. This is a story of progressive accomplishments set against a constantly changing background of economic and social events.Keywords: Forest economics, forest policy, forest management, Pacific Northwest. Outlined here are PNW's 1 accomplishments in forest economics since the 1920s: contributions to theory, economic tools, and counsel to practicing foresters within and without the agency; and instances in which PNW's economics program made a difference to Western U.S. forestry. The format is roughly chronological. Every scientist and most publications will be mentioned, but the real intent is to portray the evolution of ideas, economic tools, and policy and economic issues to which they were applied. This is a story built on four forests. Any forester whose working life started in the 1950s at a far corner of the Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) region will have worked among the last of the old growth, measuring trees 10 feet and more in diameter. By then the harvest of the second growth, seeded during logging in the last decades of the 19th century, was well underway. In 2000 it is virtually finished. The triumphs of fire and insect control, the pride of occasional bursts of intensive silviculture, the regrets of over-or under-investment in woods things, all have passed with those mellow, fulsome stands. Trees planted in the 1950s and after are now moving down the highways, 20 and 40 to the truckload. This third forest is the product of myriad economic decisions made and economic events experienced. Even to hold forest land has been an act of economic faith, subject to revision at any time. The fourth forest is outside the door, growing. What will become of it is being influenced by new economic conditions, new information, and new views of the future. That is the stuff of forest economics research.The state of the art in resource economics seemingly depends on a disorderly mix of work done to date, strong personalities, fortuitous meanders, directed effort, treks along arcane technical lines, economic pressures, and screaming land-use conflicts. This section does not deal with what we knew when but, rather, with the changing world around us over eight decades.Although federal forestry studies had been underway in the Northwest for some time, PNW was formally commissioned in 1924, a product of politics and persuasion, history and economics. The 1920s blew in as 6 billion board feet of timber blew down in western Washington, and the Capper Report 2 appeared, both of which argued for research. The windstorm of 1921 generated economic questions of utilization, marketing, and export possibilities. The 1920 Capper Report was a Forest Service response to claims of overcutting on industry lands and to a call for regulation. No less than Gifford Pinchot favored corralling cutting in private forests. William B. Greele...

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confidence: 90%

Forest economics research at the Pacific Northwest Research Station, to 2000.

Flora¹

2003

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“…Conifers dominate the landscape, in abundance, size and stature. Hardwoods comprise only 12% of the growing stock in the region (Raettig et al 1995) and pale in comparison to conifers in tree size and lifespan. However, alder has impressive juvenile height growth rates, accumulating more than two-thirds of its mature height by age 30 (Harrington andCurtis 1986, Worthington et al 1960).…”

Section: How Does Alder Stack Up Against Conifers and Other Hardwoods?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although alder is a minor component of the total timber volume in the PNW, it is, by far the most abundant hardwood in the region and comprises approximately 60% of the total hardwood resource (Raettig et al 1995). It has a wide geographic range (1.9 million hectares) and a large volume of approximately 30 billion board feet (Glenn Aherns, personal communication).…”

Section: How Does Alder Stack Up Against Conifers and Other Hardwoods?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As the value and utilization of red alder have increased in the Pacific Northwest, so too have concerns about sustaining supplies of red alder timber. A previous assessment of hardwood supply in the Pacific Northwest (Raettig et al 1995) concluded that short-term supply was favorable, but there was cause for concern about longterm supply due to lack of management for hardwoods. Since 1995, harvest volumes of red alder have declined and shortage of alder logs has been cited as a major factor limiting lumber production and sales (Washington Hardwoods Commission).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Red alder: a state of knowledge.

Deal¹,

Harrington²

2006

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This publication reports on operations that may involve pesticides. It does not contain recommendations for their use, nor does it imply that the uses discussed here have been registered. All uses of pesticides must be registered by appropriate state or federal agencies, or both, before they can be recommended. CAUTION: Pesticides can be injurious to humans, domestic animals, desirable plants, and fish or other wildlife-if they are not handled or applied properly. Use all pesticides selectively and carefully. Follow recommended practices for the disposal of surplus pesticides and pesticide containers.

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“…The importance of hardwoods as focal points of diversity in conifer-dominated systems seems to be in conflict with the traditional attitude of land managers toward hardwoods, "...within the forestry community there has been a persistent image of hardwoods as an overabundant resource, and foresters have viewed hardwoods as economically undesirable competitors of the preferred and better recognized softwoods species. Along with the image of overabundance in the woods has come the image of low-valued manufactured products and underuse of available raw materials by the hardwood industry" (Raettig et al 1995). This view resulted in widespread use of herbicides and other measures to control hardwoods in the Pacific Northwest.…”

Section: Management Of Stand Density and Hardwoodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hotspots of Epiphytic Lichen Diversity in Two Young Managed Forests

Neitlich

McCune

1997

Conservation Biology

154

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Understanding within‐stand variation in diversity of epiphytes will provide an improved basis for producing timber while conserving biological diversity. Two 80‐ha, 50–year–old managed stands of conifers were surveyed to locate 0.4 ha putative “diversity” plots, the areas appearing most diverse in lichen epiphytes. These plots were generally located in areas made heterogeneous by canopy gaps, wolf trees (trees with large‐diameter lower branches), and old‐growth remnant trees. “Matrix” plots, in contrast, were chosen at random from the remaining, more homogenous forest. Diversity plots hosted from 25% to 40% more epiphytic lichen species than matrix plots in both stands. The strongest within‐stand gradients in species composition were correlated with percentage of plot occupied by gaps and wolf trees. Percentage of the plot in gaps was correlated with species richness (r = 0.79). In the more structurally diverse stand, diversity and abundance of nitrogen‐fixing “cyanolichens” were correlated with percentage of the plot occupied by gaps (0.5 < r < 0.9), and alectorioid lichens were correlated with percentage of the plot occupied by old‐growth remnant trees (0.5 < r < 0.6). In the stand with more homogenous structure, percentage of the plot under gaps was correlated with regionally common species that were otherwise absent or sparse in the matrix. Protecting gaps, hardwoods, wolf trees, and old‐growth remnant trees during thinning or other partial cutting is likely to promote the majority of epiphytic macrolichens in young conifer forests. Because these features are easily recognized on aerial photos and on the ground by land managers, it is practical to manage for forest structures that would promote lichen diversity.

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Hardwood supply in the Pacific Northwest-a policy perspective.

Cited by 7 publications

References 5 publications

Forest economics research at the Pacific Northwest Research Station, to 2000.

Forest economics research at the Pacific Northwest Research Station, to 2000.

Red alder: a state of knowledge.

Hotspots of Epiphytic Lichen Diversity in Two Young Managed Forests

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