2010
DOI: 10.2737/nrs-gtr-60
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Hardwood crown injuries and rebuilding following ice storms: a literature review

Abstract: Ice storms occur frequently in northeastern North America. They damage and kill trees, change the structural characteristics of a forest, and may importantly alter the goods and services that owners realize from their land. This literature review summarizes 90 years of relevant information, mainly from fairly short term studies published between 1904 and 2006. It documents ice storm severity and the effects on hardwood branch loss, primarily among upper canopy trees; methods for estimating and classifying hard… Show more

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Cited by 11 publications
(15 citation statements)
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“…Ice storms can have variable effects on forest structure and dynamics, resulting largely from differences in storm intensity (i.e., ice thickness and duration), as the directionality of the disturbance is largely fixed (Duguay et al 2001;Rhoads et al 2002;Arii and Lechowicz 2007). Ice storm intensity is associated with total ice accretion and the interactive effects of topography, microclimate, and weather conditions (e.g., wind and temperatures) during and immediately after the storm (Irland 2000;Millward and Kraft 2004;Kraemer and Nyland 2010;Nagel et al 2016). However, the ultimate severity and structural impact of the ice disturbance can also be affected by characteristics of the predisturbance trees and forest (Jones et al 2001;Turcotte et al 2012;Nock et al 2016).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Ice storms can have variable effects on forest structure and dynamics, resulting largely from differences in storm intensity (i.e., ice thickness and duration), as the directionality of the disturbance is largely fixed (Duguay et al 2001;Rhoads et al 2002;Arii and Lechowicz 2007). Ice storm intensity is associated with total ice accretion and the interactive effects of topography, microclimate, and weather conditions (e.g., wind and temperatures) during and immediately after the storm (Irland 2000;Millward and Kraft 2004;Kraemer and Nyland 2010;Nagel et al 2016). However, the ultimate severity and structural impact of the ice disturbance can also be affected by characteristics of the predisturbance trees and forest (Jones et al 2001;Turcotte et al 2012;Nock et al 2016).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, the ultimate severity and structural impact of the ice disturbance can also be affected by characteristics of the predisturbance trees and forest (Jones et al 2001;Turcotte et al 2012;Nock et al 2016). For example, successional stage or age of the forest has been shown to strongly affect damage from equivalent ice loading (Rhoads et al 2002), and species composition is also likely to affect impacts (Jones et al 2001;Kraemer and Nyland 2010). There have been many assessments of forest structure and canopy conditions after ice storms (Duguay et al 2001;Rhoads et al 2002;Takahashi et al 2007;Weeks et al 2009), including a few studies that opportunistically collected data after ice storms from existing plots with predisturbance canopy structure data (Arii and Lechowicz 2007;Beaudet et al 2007).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Stem failures due to the accumulation of snow occur mainly in coniferous trees in cold climates associated with longer presence of snow cover (Nykänen et al 1997 ). In addition to heavy snow loading, ice loading also induces tree failure (Van Dyke 1999 ; Irland 2000 ; Smith 2000 ; Bragg et al 2003 ; Kraemer and Nyland 2010 ). The accumulation of ice or snow on branches is mainly controlled by meteorological conditions such as temperature, precipitation and wind speed, and less by branch morphology (Jones 1998 ; Satterlund and Haupt 1970 ; Nykänen et al 1997 ; Schmidt and Gluns 1991 ).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Severely damaged trees may have a high incidence of rotten wood due to pathogens that entered broken branches. This is partly supported by the N. America literature ((Hopkin et al 2001;Kraemer and Nyland 2010;Nyland et al 2016;Shortle et al 2003), but few studies have followed the long term effects of ice storm damage on wood decay. Indeed, both the high density of epicormic sprouts on the main bole of some species and the potential for wood decay will likely affect tree grade and quality of boles.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 94%
“…For example, many broadleaved trees develop epicormic branches after crown injury, but few conifers have this capacity. Furthermore, the number of shoots that develop, their growth, and their persistence depend on many additional factors, such as crown class, tree height, damage severity, and light conditions (Kraemer and Nyland 2010;Nyland et al 2016). Studies of crown rebuilding following ice storm damage in North America indicate notable differences among species (Duguay et al 2001;Nyland et al 2016;Shortle et al 2003;Turcotte et al 2012).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%