Hardware Trojans in Chips: A Survey for Detection and Prevention

Dong, Chen; Xu, Yi; Liu, Ximeng; Zhang, Fan; He, Guotian; Chen, Yuzhong

doi:10.3390/s20185165

Cited by 36 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 166 publications

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“…In addition to common physical and electrical inspection methods along with counterfeit avoidance measures to detect these counterfeit components proactively, rather than reactive manner after an attack. Dong et al 71 surveyed the state of the art for HTs, demonstrating threats, and the methods for preventing and detecting hardware Trojans.…”

Section: Hardware Trojanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of THz-based semiconductor assurance

True

Jessurun

et al. 2021

Opt. Eng.

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Terahertz radiation for inspection and fault detection has been of interest for the semiconductor industry since the first generation and detection of THz signals. Until recent hardware advances, THz systems lacked the signal quality and reliability for use as an effective nondestructive testing (NDT) method. Incremental advances in THz sources, detectors, and signal processing resulted in the successful applied-industrial use of THz NDT techniques on carbon fiber laminates, automotive coatings, and for detection of counterfeit pharmaceutical tablets. Semiconductor inspection and verification methods ensure the functionality and thereby safety of vital electronics for several critical industries. For this reason, the reliability and verification of a THz NDT method must exceed currently used inspection systems. With recent laboratory access to THz radiation, THz inspection methods are often compared with existing optical, electrical, and volumetric semiconductor verification techniques for their production monitoring and failure analysis viability. This review will cover THz techniques and their applications at the printed circuit board (PCB), integrated circuit (IC), and transistor/gate scales. The THz radiation gap spans between optical and electronic ranges with a millimeter-sized wavelength allowing for adequate penetration of plastic and ceramic and semiconductor materials. THz radiation can be used to determine structural features, electrical signatures in the THz range, and chemical information simultaneously. Cost and environmental limitations restricted the ability for THz NDT semiconductor inspection methods to escape the lab and succeed in the dynamic environment of a semiconductor fabrication environment. Hybridized metrology methods incorporating information from multiple inspection tools are a regime where THz spectral and structural data can be combined with existing methods such as optical, x-ray, or E-beam. THz can be used initially to offer support to the complex failure analysis and verification requirements of the semiconductor industry from nanoscale to macroscale features and components. For THz systems to become independent inspection tools used for semiconductor production monitoring, in the lab or fab, this will require a confident level of statistical process control for THz signal generation, detection, or processing. Applied industrial semiconductor device inspection will likely be a result of a combination of research into THz hardware, reconstruction techniques, and the widespread application of machine learning techniques. Many breakthroughs occurred over the years to enable successful nondestructive characterization and inspection of semiconductor devices from the nanoscale transistors to fully packaged integrated circuits and assembled PCBs.

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Section: Hardware Trojanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of THz-based semiconductor assurance

True

Jessurun

et al. 2021

Opt. Eng.

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“…To implement the malicious behaviors, attack technologies can be wireless signal hijacking inerfering, hardware Trojans [102], malware, side channel analysis [97], SQL injection, attack on the sensors and APs [97], poisoning attack for machine learning, adversarial attack with adversarial example, oracle attack, membership inference attack, and reverse engineering [96], to name a few.…”

Section: Cyber Security In Smart Factorymentioning

confidence: 99%

6G Mobile Communications for Multi-Robot Smart Factory

Chen

Dong

et al. 2021

JICTS

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Private or special-purpose wireless networks present a new technological trend for future mobile communications, while one attractive application scenario is the wireless communication in a smart factory. In addition to wireless technologies, this paper pays special attention to treat a smart factory as the integration of collaborative multi-robot systems for production robots and transportation robots. Multiple aspects of collaborative multi-robot systems enabled by wireless networking have been investigated, dynamic multi-robot task assignment for collaborative production robots and subsequent transportation robots, social learning to enhance precision and robustness of collaborative production robots, and more efficient operation of collaborative transportation robots. Consequently, the technical requirements of 6G mobile communication can be logically highlighted.

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“…The hardware security and trust research community has been focused on developing effective detection mechanisms to uncover different kinds of HTs during the design and manufacturing processes of ICs. Among the tools that can detect HTs in pre-silicon phase stand out the COTD tool, VeriTrust, FANCI or the recently published HTDet tool [1]. These tools have proven to be effective against the HTs contained in widespread HT benchmarks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, researchers have also shown that some of these schemes can be circumvented [2]. Among the post-fabrication detection methods stand out those based on side-channel analysis or logic testing [1]. Finally, different prevention methods have been developed during the last decade.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, different prevention methods have been developed during the last decade. These so-called Design-for-Trust or Design-for-Hardware-Trust (DfHT) techniques include the encoding of internal registers, scan flip-flops insertion and logic locking [1]. All in all, it is recommended to use some of these prevention and detection techniques in order to prevent HT attacks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Using Approximate Circuits Against Hardware Trojans

et al. 2023

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Hardware Trojans (HTs) are malicious alterations in Integrated Circuits (ICs) that pose an important threat to safety-critical systems. Many techniques based on logic testing or side-channel analysis have been proposed in the literature aiming at detecting such malicious modifications in fabricated ICs. The detection of HTs is becoming more challenging with the shrinking of the technology and the impact of process variations. Therefore there is a need to neutralize the effect of HTs when the typical detection mechanism fails. In this work, we propose to tackle the effect of HTs by leveraging fault-tolerant techniques like Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR). More specifically, we propose to use an approximate TMR in order to neutralize the effects of HTs while saving area and increasing the complexity of inserting HTs. The efficiency of the proposed approach has been evaluated by using the ISCAS'85 benchmarks and stealthy ad-hoc HTs.

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Hardware Trojans in Chips: A Survey for Detection and Prevention

Cited by 36 publications

References 166 publications

Review of THz-based semiconductor assurance

Review of THz-based semiconductor assurance

6G Mobile Communications for Multi-Robot Smart Factory

Using Approximate Circuits Against Hardware Trojans

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