Hard tissue regeneration using bone substitutes: an update on innovations in materials

Abstract

Bone is a unique organ composed of mineralized hard tissue, unlike any other body part. The unique manner in which bone can constantly undergo self-remodeling has created interesting clinical approaches to the healing of damaged bone. Healing of large bone defects is achieved using implant materials that gradually integrate with the body after healing is completed. Such strategies require a multidisciplinary approach by material scientists, biological scientists, and clinicians. Development of materials for bone healing and exploration of the interactions thereof with the body are active research areas. In this review, we explore ongoing developments in the creation of materials for regenerating hard tissues.

Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Bone Regenerative Medicine: What Is the Evidence?

“…Among the various techniques that are available to reconstruct deficient bone or fill a ridge, such as using a synthetic bone substitute like ceramics, bioglass, and glass ceramic compounds, autologous grafting is still a predictable and well-documented surgical approach [Tavakolinejad et al, 2014]. However, the major limiting factor for autogenous bone graft reconstruction is that the procedure is generally invasive and is associated with donor site complications, including infection, malformation, and pain [Sarkar and Lee, 2015]. In pediatrics, a large number of cases also have cleft lips and a palate that needs to be reconstructed with autologous bone implants.…”

“…Sinus augmentation or sinus lift is a surgical procedure that aims to increase the amount of bone volume in the molar and premolar area. This procedure is intended to add new bone between the jaw and the maxillary sinuses (in the caudal section of the maxillary sinus) [Sarkar and Lee, 2015]. Among the various techniques that are available to reconstruct deficient bone or fill a ridge, such as using a synthetic bone substitute like ceramics, bioglass, and glass ceramic compounds, autologous grafting is still a predictable and well-documented surgical approach [Tavakolinejad et al, 2014].…”

Tavşanlarda Mürekkepbalığı Kabuğu ve Kan Pulcuğundan Zengin Plazma ile Birlikte Mürekkep Balığı Kaynaklı Hidroksiapatitin Tibial Kemik Hasarının İyileştirilmesindeki Rolü: Deneysel Bir Çalışma

“…Nowadays bone substitutes have opened new insights in bone regeneration by reducing the limitations of bone graft such as low availability, high cost, zoonotic diseases transmission, immune reactions and so on [4,7,8] . In general natural and synthetic scaffolds are available; each has specific advantages and disadvantages [6,8] .…”

“…The majority of bone injuries go through a gradual healing process without any scar formation and with considerable resumption of bone characteristics so that eventually the newly formed bony tissue is indistinguishable from peripheral healthy bone; nevertheless in extensive bone injuries like traumas, tumors and skeletal abnormalities healing is not successful because the extent of damage exceed the regenerative potential of bone. From past to now researchers have been looking for appropriate methods to potentiate and accelerate healing process or to replace the lost bone [3][4][5][6][7][8] .…”

“…Although autologous bone grafts have been mentioned as a gold standard, disadvantages of this method such as prolonged surgery time, pain and hemorrhage has limited its application lately [6,8,9] . Ideal bone substitutes should be non-immunogenic, bioactive, osteoconductive and osteoinductive, biodegradable, sterilizable, thermally non-conductive, traceable in vivo, readily available and economical [7][8][9] . Hydroxyapatite the main mineral component of hard tissues and one of the most stable forms of calcium phosphate has been utilized widely as a bone substitute in orthopedic and maxillofacial surgery in three past decades.…”