Hard tissue formation in collagen-rich systems: calcium phosphate nucleation and organic matrix

Mineralization during matrix-vesicle-mediated mantle dentine formation in molars of albino rats: a microanalytical and ultrastructural study

“…At the mineralization front, mineral dots have been found within collagenous fibrils of dentine and of bone (Höhling 1966;Höhling et al 1980;Plate et al 1992Plate et al , 1994. In collagenous fibrils these separate dots have a chain-like alignment in the longitudinal axis of the fibrils with center to center distances that could represent the distances between the active nucleating sites that lie along the collagen molecules.…”

Intramembranaceous ossification analyses by a proton microprobe

“…In this respect intramembraceous ossification is similar to eetopic bone formation and its mineralization has something in common with metastatic calcification of soft tissues. U p to now there are numerous data on factors regulating the mineralization such as: cell derived matrix vesicles (Ali 1976;Anderson 1969Anderson , 1976H6hling 1976;Sela et al 1987), collagen (Anderson 1980;H6hling 1989;H6hling et al 1980;Mfiller-Glanser et al 1986), noncollagenous proteins including chondrocalcin, proteins with high content of ?-carboxyglutaminic acid (Glimcher et al 1979), calcium binding proteins, osteonectin (Fisher et al 1987) which may hamper the crystal growth, proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans which might be inhibitory or have reverse influence (Baylink et al 1972;Bonucci 1971;Buckwalter 1983 ;Dziewiatkowski and Majzerski 1985;Mitchell 1982;Reinholt 1983), trace elements such as Zn or Si (Underwood 1977). On the other hand it is not known which mechanisms operate in membranaceous ossification.…”

New biomineralization strategies for the use of natural-based polymeric materials in bone-tissue engineering

“…This can be observed, at the initial stage of mineralization, in transversal sections of turkey tendon (Arsenault, 1988) and in embryonic fish dentin (Lees and Prostak, 1988), where crystals can only be seen at the surface of the collagen fibrils (Traub, et al, 1989a). These primary crystallites correspond to strands of apatite nodules, with a nanometer size, which are arranged parallel to the c-axis of collagen (Hohling, et al, 1980). As the mineralization stage progresses, the mineralization nodules continue to grow and eventually coalesce laterally with neighbour mineralization nodules and hence needle-shaped single crystals of HA are formed (Arnold, et al, 1997;Arnold, et al, 2001;Wiesmann, et al, 2005).…”

“…The mineralization process first starts at the surface of the collagen fibrils and rapidly proceeds to the interior (Hohling, et al, 1980). This can be observed, at the initial stage of mineralization, in transversal sections of turkey tendon (Arsenault, 1988) and in embryonic fish dentin (Lees and Prostak, 1988), where crystals can only be seen at the surface of the collagen fibrils (Traub, et al, 1989a).…”

“…As the mineralization stage progresses, the mineralization nodules continue to grow and eventually coalesce laterally with neighbour mineralization nodules and hence needle-shaped single crystals of HA are formed (Arnold, et al, 1997;Arnold, et al, 2001;Wiesmann, et al, 2005). These needle-shaped HA structures continue to grow and eventually fuse together, resulting in HA crystals with a ribbon or plate conformation (Hohling, et al, 1980). During this growing process, the highly ordered structure and parallel alignment with collagen fibres act as a template to control and determine the orientation of the HA crystals (Anderson, et al, 2005;Kirsch, et al, 1997c).…”