Haptoglobin phenotypes with weak antioxidant capacity increase risk factors of cardiovascular disease in Ghanaian HIV‐infected patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy

Abstract

objective Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has considerably reduced HIV/AIDSrelated morbidity and mortality; however, the therapy has been associated with the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD), and genetic predisposition factors may aggravate disease outcome. This study was aimed at investigating the relationship between haptoglobin phenotypes and risk factors of CVD in HIV patients.methods A total of 105 HIV sero-positive patients on HAART and 75 HIV-infected HAART-na€ ıve individuals were enrolled in the study. Socio-demographics and clinical characteristics of the participants were obtained using a well-structured questionnaire. Lipid profile, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and haptoglobin (Hp) phenotypes were analysed from serum whiles haemoglobin (Hb) level, CD4 + cell count and HIV viral RNA load were determined using whole blood.results Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) was significantly higher in patients on HAART than the na€ ıve group (P < 0.05). Age, BMI, visceral fat, systolic blood pressure LDH and lipid variables strongly and positively correlated with AIP (P < 0.05), with the exception of HDL-c (P < 0.001) which showed a negative correlation. HAART was associated with hypertension (v 2 = 4.33, P = 0.037), hypercholesterolaemia (v 2 = 10.99, P < 0.001), elevated LDL-c (v 2 = 10.30, P < 0.001) and decreased HDL-c (v 2 = 3.87, P = 0.09). Hp2-2 and Hp0 collectively was strongly associated with hypertension (OR = 2.54, P = 0.011), obesity (OR = 5.97, P < 0.001) and hypercholesterolaemia (OR = 2.99, P < 0.001).

High atherogenic index of plasma and cardiovascular risk factors among Ghanaian breast cancer patients

“…31 AIP also positively correlated with age in this study, and the result supports an earlier study in which the correlation was done in HIV patients. 32 Other studies on heart diseases have however shown an inverse relationship between AIP and age, and the discrepancy was partly attributed to the disease condition. 23,33 Association between AIP and metabolic syndrome has also been established, in which the index was shown to increase with body weight and other cardiovascular risk factors.…”

Hypertension literacy: Concept analysis

“…Hypertension was noted as the third leading cause of all hospital admission (4.7%) and responsible for 15.3% of gross deaths (Ghana Health Service, 2018). The risks factors associated with hypertension, which are increasing among Ghanaians, include high‐fat diet patterns, smoking, alcohol use, stressful work conditions, socio‐economic conditions and illicit drug (Koopman et al, 2014; Tagoe et al, 2019; Valerio et al, 2016). The prevalence of risk factors of hypertension among the Ghanaian population ranged from 13.3% to 67.2% among rural and urban populations, respectively (Tagoe et al, 2019).…”

“…The risks factors associated with hypertension, which are increasing among Ghanaians, include high‐fat diet patterns, smoking, alcohol use, stressful work conditions, socio‐economic conditions and illicit drug (Koopman et al, 2014; Tagoe et al, 2019; Valerio et al, 2016). The prevalence of risk factors of hypertension among the Ghanaian population ranged from 13.3% to 67.2% among rural and urban populations, respectively (Tagoe et al, 2019). Issues related to poor knowledge about the risk factors, a lack of a supportive environment, poverty, cultural beliefs and lay knowledge have been associated with these risk factors and consequently increase the prevalence of hypertension in the region (Agyemang et al, 2018; Amponsem‐Boateng et al, 2019; Bosu & Bosu, 2021; Nyaaba et al, 2018).…”