Happiness in marginalized populations: a community–based study in South Central Iran

Abstract

Background Happiness has multiple levels and determinants in different communities, cultures, and social groups. The current study aimed to investigate happiness and its main determinants in slums in south central Iran. Methods This community-based, cross-sectional study was conducted with the participation of adults at least 18 years of age living in the biggest slum area in Shiraz, south central Iran. To determine levels of happiness, participants were asked to complete the Persian version of the GHQ28 questionnaire and a checklist based on the 2017 World Happiness Report. Data was analyzed using SPSS software version 19. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results The mean age of the participants was 42.06 ± 16.34 years. Overall, 542 participants (45 %) were females, 257 (21.3 %) were illiterate, 678 (56.3 %) were married, and 495 (41.1 %) were unemployed and lived with their household. The happiness score, according to the Cantril ladder score, was 6.41 ± 2 (out of a total score of 10). Happiness was not correlated with gender (p = 0.37) or immigration (p = 0.06). Lower levels of happiness were seen in older adults (r=− 0.12, p < 0.001), illiterates (p = 0.03), the unemployed (p < 0.001), and people separated from their spouses (p < 0.001). Job satisfaction (p < 0.001, r = 0.47), total general health (p < 0.001, r=-0.36) and hope (p < 0.001, r = 0.41) were significantly correlated with happiness. Social support (< 0.001) and sufficient income and satisfaction (p < 0.001) were related with a higher score of happiness. Conclusions Marital status, smoking, employment and job satisfaction, social support and trust, feelings of insecurity in the neighborhood, hope for the future, facing violence, and income satisfaction were the main determinants of happiness in the Sang Siah slum area.

Long-Term Trend in the Association Between Disaster Damage and Happiness Before and After the Great East Japan Earthquake

“…Happiness is a component of well-being and refers to positive emotions that reflect an individual's life satisfaction [1,2]. While happiness itself is a highly valued outcome [3], it is also associated with health outcomes such as mental health [2,[4][5][6] and suicide [7][8][9] as well as health behaviors such as drinking [10,11], healthy dietary habits [11][12][13][14][15], smoking [10,11,15], and physical activity [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. Some of these associations are likely to be due to reverse causation, that is, poor sleep causing unhappiness.…”

“…Happiness is a component of well-being and refers to positive emotions that reflect an individual’s life satisfaction [ 1 , 2 ]. While happiness itself is a highly valued outcome [ 3 ], it is also associated with health outcomes such as mental health [ 2 , 4 – 6 ] and suicide [ 7 – 9 ] as well as health behaviors such as drinking [ 10 , 11 ], healthy dietary habits [ 11 – 15 ], smoking [ 10 , 11 , 15 ], and physical activity [ 10 – 22 ]. Some of these associations are likely to be due to reverse causation, that is, poor sleep causing unhappiness.…”