Hanta Virus: An Emerging Threat for Public Health

Abstract

Hantavirus infection, a pervasive zoonosis exacerbated by global warming, intense rainfall, and flooding, poses a substantial public health threat, with an annual incidence of 150,000-200,000 cases globally. Influenced by climate change, the transmission dynamics of hantavirus are intricately linked to the population densities of its reservoir host, rodents, which constitute 42% of mammalian biodiversity. With 28 known hantaviruses causing severe diseases in humans, the infections range from renal dysfunction to pulmonary and cardiac syndromes, resulting in high mortality rates. The etiology involves enveloped RNA viruses belonging to the Bunyavirales order, with distinct genotypes and species identified. Human infections primarily occur through inhaling particles contaminated with rodent excreta or secretions. Epidemiologically, Hantavirus outbreaks have been documented globally, with varying prevalence and dominant strains. Pathogenesis involves the compromise of endothelial barrier integrity, leading to severe organ damage. The transmission, influenced by climate change, occurs through rodents as intermediate hosts, with a potential for limited person-to-person transmission. Clinical manifestations encompass Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS) and Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HCPS), exhibiting diverse symptoms and severity. Managing severe cases relies on supportive care, with no specific antiviral treatment approved. Prevention involves rodent control measures, thorough cleaning, and protective measures during potential exposure. Vaccines against Hantavirus are essential for high-risk populations. Ongoing research explores antiviral agents, DNA-based vaccines, and immunotherapies as potential treatments. Comprehensive prevention and control strategies are imperative to mitigate the global impact of hantavirus infections.