Handwriting: Evolution and evaluation

Phelps, Joanne; Stempel, Lynn

doi:10.1007/bf02648069

Cited by 16 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The CHES-M consists of two sentences of printing, whereas the CHES is longer, with five sentences. Both versions evaluate handwriting speed and legibility and exhibit excellent psychometric properties (intrarater reliability, .82; interrater reliability, .95; Phelps & Stempel, 1987). The CHES can be administered to Grade 4 students in 2 min.…”

Section: Instrumentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Pencil Grasp on the Speed and Legibility of Handwriting in Children

Schwellnus

Carnahan

Kushki

et al. 2012

The American Journal of Occupational Therapy

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OBJECTIVE. Pencil grasps other than the dynamic tripod may be functional for handwriting. This study examined the impact of grasp on handwriting speed and legibility. METHOD. We videotaped 120 typically developing fourth-grade students while they performed a writing task. We categorized the grasps they used and evaluated their writing for speed and legibility using a handwriting assessment. Using linear regression analysis, we examined the relationship between grasp and handwriting. RESULTS. We documented six categories of pencil grasp: four mature grasp patterns, one immature grasp pattern, and one alternating grasp pattern. Multiple linear regression results revealed no significant effect for mature grasp on either legibility or speed. CONCLUSION. Pencil grasp patterns did not influence handwriting speed or legibility in this sample of typically developing children. This finding adds to the mounting body of evidence that alternative grasps may be acceptable for fast and legible handwriting.

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Section: Instrumentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To evaluate handwriting quality, we used the Children's Handwriting Evaluation Scale (CHES; Phelps & Stempel, 1987). The manuscript (printing) version (CHES-M) is used for children in Grades 1 and 2 and the cursive (CHES) version is used for children beyond Grade 2.…”

Section: Instrumentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Pencil Grasp on the Speed and Legibility of Handwriting in Children

Schwellnus

Carnahan

Kushki

et al. 2012

The American Journal of Occupational Therapy

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…We used the Children's Handwriting Evaluation Scale (CHES; Phelps & Stempel, 1987). The CHES has both a manuscript version (CHES-M for Grades 1 and 2) and a cursive version (CHES for Grades 3 and beyond).…”

Section: Handwriting Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both versions have scoring criteria to evaluate handwriting speed and legibility. The psychometric properties of the CHES-M and the CHES are intrarater reliability of .82 and interrater reliability of .95 (Phelps & Stempel, 1987). The CHES can be administered in 2 min.…”

Section: Handwriting Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Writing Forces Associated With Four Pencil Grasp Patterns in Grade 4 Children

Schwellnus

Carnahan

Kushki

et al. 2013

The American Journal of Occupational Therapy

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OBJECTIVE. We investigated differences in handwriting kinetics, speed, and legibility among four pencil grasps after a 10-min copy task. METHOD. Seventy-four Grade 4 students completed a handwriting assessment before and after a copy task. Grip and axial forces were measured with an instrumented stylus and force-sensitive tablet. We used multiple linear regression to analyze the relationship between grasp pattern and grip and axial forces. RESULTS. We found no kinetic differences among grasps, whether considered individually or grouped by the number of fingers on the barrel. However, when grasps were grouped according to the thumb position, the adducted grasps exhibited higher mean grip and axial forces. CONCLUSION. Grip forces were generally similar across the different grasps. Kinetic differences resulting from thumb position seemed to have no bearing on speed and legibility. Interventions for handwriting difficulties should focus more on speed and letter formation than on grasp pattern.

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“…For example, Phelps and Stempel (1987) reviewed writing readiness and the evolution of writing styles, noting the strengths and weaknesses related to needs of dyslexic or learning-disabled students.…”

Section: Handwriting Instruction For Special-needs Populations Such mentioning

confidence: 99%