Handbook of Diabetes

Feline Diabetes Mellitus

“…The genetic association is stronger than for type 1 diabetes, and the concordance rate in monozygotic twins is much higher. Depending on the population studied, the latter may be as high as 90%; however, it has been assumed that part of the high rate may also be due to similar environmental factors (Bilous and Donnelly, 2010;Masharani and German, 2011). Type 2 diabetes is characterized by two defects, namely insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency due to β-cell dysfunction (as opposed to absolute deficiency in type 1 diabetes) (American Diabetes Association, 2013) ( Fig.…”

“…intra-abdominal fat accumulation (Bilous and Donnelly, 2010). The discovery that adipose tissue (in particular the central visceral stores) is an active endocrine organ, and part of the innate immune system has sparked intense research on obesity.…”

Enteral Pancreatic-like Enzymes of Microbial Origin affect Insulin Release during an Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test

“…Blood glucose and insulin control is dependent on a variety of factors, and can be influenced at various different stages [6]. The recognition of compounds, which would trigger nutrient assimilation, is important for the prevention of metabolic dysregulation and for the treatment of different forms of diabetes.…”

“…However, the involvement of the pancreatic enzymes in the regulatory mechanisms responsible for the regulation of the postprandial glycaemia seems to be overlooked. Blood glucose regulation is believed to be accomplished mostly by the endocrine pancreas, liver and kidneys, as well as various gastrointestinal hormones which influence insulin secretion [5,6]. However, glucose intolerance, together with a delayed insulin release has been observed during exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in both humans and pigs [3,7].…”

Insulin Resistance in the Third Trimester of Pregnancy Suffering from Gestational Diabetes Mellitus or Impaired Glucose Tolerance

“…It may be defined as an intermediate group of individuals whose carbohydrate metabolism does not constitute diabetes but is not entirely normal (Brudenell, 1993). Thus, IGT designed glucose tolerance results intermediate between normal glucose homeostasis and overt diabetes (Kahn et al, 2005;Bilous & Donnelly, 2010;Burch, 1994). It is diagnosed if fasting glucose ≥ 6 but < 7.8 m mol/L or 2-hour glucose > 7.8 m mol/L and <11.1 mmol/L (Shalayel et al, 2010;Hope et al, 1993).…”