“…Supervised PINNs can be trained on data to learn nonlinear differential operators [14], discover differential equations [21,20], and solve inverse problems [1,4,18]. Unsupervised PINNs can be trained without using any labeled data to discover analytical and differentiable solutions of ordinary [12,16] or partial differential equations (PDEs) [22,11], and eigenvalue problems [7,19,13,8].…”