“…Numerical approaches to solve these problems include surface finite elements, implicit surface formulations, diffuse interface approximations, trace finite elements, unfitted finite elements, finite volume schemes and mesh free methods. See the works of Dziuk (1988); Dziuk and Elliott (2007); Deckelnick, Dziuk, Elliott and Heine (2009); Dziuk and Elliott (2010); Deckelnick, Elliott and Ranner (2014); Deckelnick and Styles (2018); Olshanskii and Reusken (2017); Burman, Hansbo, Larson and Zahedi (2016); Lehrenfeld, Olshanskii and Xu (2018); Lehrenfeld and Olshanskii (2019); Giesselmann and Müller (2014); Deckelnick, Elliott, Miura and Styles (2019); Suchde and Kuhnert (2019) and the review of Dziuk and Elliott (2013a).…”