“…The reduced use of broad-spectrum insecticides within the last two decades following the deployment of Bt -transgenic cotton and maize has led to increasing densities of native stink bugs [ 50 , 51 ]. This is in addition to the spread of invasive species such as P. guildinii and BMSB, particularly in areas such as the Midwest, where stink bugs were historically not a threat to the major crops in the region [ 38 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 ]. Broad-spectrum insecticides—e.g., carbamates, neonicotinoids, organophosphates, and pyrethroids—are still the most widely used tools for managing stink bugs in the US [ 7 , 61 , 62 , 63 ], despite the development of resistance to these insecticides by some stink bug species [ 51 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 ].…”