Halteres used in ancient Olympic long jump

Minetti, Alberto E.; Ardigò, Luca Paolo

doi:10.1038/420141a

Cited by 41 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Outside of the laboratory jumps are more often performed with a vigorous arm swing, and arm swing does increase jump height (e.g., Shetty and Etnyre, 1989). While many aspects of arm swing have been studied (Minetti and Ardigo, 2002), the mechanism via which performance is enhanced is still debated (e.g., Ashby and Delp, 2006;Hara et al, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An induced energy analysis to determine the mechanism for performance enhancement as a result of arm swing during jumping

Domire

Challis

2010

Sports Biomechanics

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Arm swing during a jump can enhance performance. This study examined the mechanisms via which arm swing contributes to maximum vertical jump height. Two mechanisms have been proposed to explain how jump height can be increased by arm swing: production of additional energy or slow leg extension which may permit muscles to work on a more favorable region of the force-velocity curve. A simulation model of the vertical jump and an induced energy analysis were used to determine the contribution of each of these mechanisms. The results from the model suggest that both mechanisms for the role of arm swing in enhancing jump performance are at play. Arm swing did slow the hip extensors allowing for more force production from these muscles. The work done and the energy induced in the vertical direction by these muscles were greater in the jump simulated with arm swing. However, these increases were not sufficient to explain the entire improvement in jumping performance. The shoulder musculature generated a considerable amount of work and energy induced and is directly responsible for approximately one-third of the performance enhancement associated with arm swing.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An induced energy analysis to determine the mechanism for performance enhancement as a result of arm swing during jumping

Domire

Challis

2010

Sports Biomechanics

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“…These handheld loads, termed "halteres," ranged from approximately 2 to 10 kg and were made of stone or lead (20). Various halteres have been discovered ceremonially buried alongside Greek athletes and may be one of the earliest tools invented to enhance human performance (11,21). The term "haltere loading" will be used in this article to describe the arm swing motion with handheld loads that are held during horizontal jumping ( Figure 1) and landing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Computer simulation researchers have reported increases in jump distance of between 17 and 39 cm (1,21). However, the majority of studies performed on human subjects have reported less significant increases of between 5 and 17 cm with haltere loading of between 3 to 8 kg (i.e., total load for both hands) (4,13,14,19,22,23).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Kinematic and Kinetic Augmentation in Horizontal Jump Performance Using Haltere Type Handheld Loading

Cronin

Brughelli

Gamble

et al. 2014

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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The purposes of this study were to investigate the effects of haltere/handheld loading on the kinematics and kinetics of horizontal jumping and to determine if an optimum relative load (% body mass [BM]) exists to maximize jump distance. A repeated measures analysis of variance with post hoc contrasts was used to determine the effects of haltere loading (no external loading, 6, 8, 12, and 16 kg) on the horizontal jump performance of 16 sportsmen as quantified by an in-ground force plate. The haltere loads of 6 and 8 kg elicited significant (p < 0.05) increases in jump distance (effect size [ES] = 0.22-0.37). The incremental loads also resulted in significant increases in jump duration (ES = 1.22-1.83), peak vertical ground reaction force (GRF) (ES = 0.20-0.37), and vertical (ES = 0.69-1.22) and horizontal (ES = 0.70-0.88) impulse. There was a significant reduction in jump distance with the 16 kg load (ES = 0.45). Significant decreases in mean horizontal GRF were likewise observed with the 12 and 16 kg loads. The optimum relative load for enhancing jump distance was 9.2 ± 3.4% of BM, which resulted in a predicted augmented horizontal jump of 13.6 ± 7.7 cm (ES = 0.56). The findings clearly indicate that haltere/handheld loading augments vertical and horizontal force and impulses. This could have a number of interesting training implications if the strength profiling of athletes identify horizontal and/or vertical deficits in force production. Further longitudinal investigation is warranted to establish what chronic adaptations result with repeated application of this type of training.

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“…4 BW). The mechanism used by the gibbons to perform the exceptional amount of mechanical work seen here is simple and is analogous to the use of halteres by Ancient Greek pentathletes [10]. The forward movement of the arms and the extension of the trunk during the push-off increases the distance over which force can be applied, i.e.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Human athletes employ each of these strategies during high-and long-jump athletic events. Ancient Greek pentathletes even artificially added forelimb mass during standing jumps by employing halteres, probably increasing jump distance by 5-7% [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The extraordinary athletic performance of leaping gibbons

et al. 2011

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The distance that animals leap depends on their take-off angle and velocity. The velocity is generated solely by mechanical work during the pushoff phase of standing-start leaps. Gibbons are capable of exceptional leaping performance, crossing gaps in the forest canopy exceeding 10 m, yet possess none of the adaptations possessed by specialist leapers synonymous with maximizing mechanical work. To understand this impressive performance, we recorded leaps of the gibbons exceeding 3.7 m. Gibbons perform more mass-specific work (35.4 J kg 21 ) than reported for any other species to date, accelerating to 8.3 ms 21 in a single movement and redefining our estimates of work performance by animals. This energy (enough for a 3.5 m vertical leap) is 60 per cent higher than that achieved by galagos, which are renowned for their remarkable leaping performance. The gibbons' unusual morphology facilitates a division of labour among the hind limbs, forelimbs and trunk, resulting in modest power requirements compared with more specialized leapers.

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Halteres used in ancient Olympic long jump

Cited by 41 publications

References 2 publications

An induced energy analysis to determine the mechanism for performance enhancement as a result of arm swing during jumping

An induced energy analysis to determine the mechanism for performance enhancement as a result of arm swing during jumping

Acute Kinematic and Kinetic Augmentation in Horizontal Jump Performance Using Haltere Type Handheld Loading

The extraordinary athletic performance of leaping gibbons

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