Halogenated diphenyl ethers identified in avian tissues and eggs by GC/MS

Stafford, Charles J.

doi:10.1016/0045-6535(83)90078-4

Cited by 67 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Polybrominated diphenyl ethers were found in cod liver and herring from the North Sea, in eel from Dutch rivers and lakes, and in cormorant from the Rhine delta in The Netherlands [15,16]. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers have also been found in avian tissues and eggs [17], in dolphins [18], and in carp [19]. The concentrations of BDE47, BDE99, and BDE100 in sediment, guillemot eggs, and pike have increased since the 1970s [7,10,20,21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Hexabromocyclododecane in Sediment and Fish From a Swedish River

Sellström

Kierkegaard

Jansson

1998

Environ Toxicol Chem

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Abstract-Fish and sediments from several places along the Swedish River Viskan, sampled in 1995, were analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). The samples were collected up-and downstream from several possible point sources (textile industries) for these compounds. Tetrabromodiphenyl ethers (TeBDEs), pentabromodiphenyl ethers (PeBDEs), and decabromodiphenyl ether (DeBDE [BDE209]) were found in sediment. Tetrabromodiphenyl ethers and PeBDEs were also found in fish. Hexabromocyclododecane was identified in sediment and fish. Large fish to sediment ratios for TeBDE, PeBDEs, and HBCD indicate that these are highly bioavailable, whereas BDE209 seems not to be as bioavailable. The lowest PBDE and HBCD levels were found upstream of the industries and concentrations generally increased progressively further downstream as more industries were passed. This is in agreement with earlier investigations of PBDEs in fish from the same river. Many brominated compounds are photolabile, which can complicate their analysis. Under the conditions used in this investigation it was observed that BDE209 in a solvent that was subject to the clean-up procedure partly decomposed to compounds with shorter retention times, whereas BDE209 seemed to be stable in the sample extracts. Another matrix effect could be observed in the increased sensitivity obtained for some of the investigated compounds in fish and sediment extracts as compared to standard solutions. This effect may obscure analytical results obtained with electron capture mass spectrometric detections.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Hexabromocyclododecane in Sediment and Fish From a Swedish River

Sellström

Kierkegaard

Jansson

1998

Environ Toxicol Chem

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“…The occurrence of PCDEs in environmental samples supports the conclusion that they are persistent and can bioaccumulate. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers have been detected in mussels and clams [6], fish [3][4][5][7][8][9][10][11], seals [3; J. Koistinen et al, unpublished data], birds [12][13][14], sediment [3], and humans [15][16][17][18] in the environment may be contributing to adverse effects similar to those caused by PCDDs, PCDFs, and certain non-ortho-PCBs [19]. If the published toxic potencies of certain PCDEs relative to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) are correct, current concentrations of PCDEs in some environmental matrices could contribute significantly to the total 2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalents measured.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethoxyresorufin‐O‐deethylase induction potency of polychlorinated diphenyl ethers in H4IIE rat hepatoma cells

Koistinen

Sanderson

Giesy

et al. 1996

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Abstract-Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDEs) are structurally similar to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and some PCDE congeners have been reported to cause toxic responses similar to those caused by some of the non-ortho-substituted PCBs, which are mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Twenty-nine PCDEs were tested for their potency as AhR agonists relative to 2,3,7,3,7, by measuring their ability to induce the cytochrome P-450 1A1-associated enzyme activity, ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD), in the H4IIE rat hepatoma cell bioassay. All PCDE congeners tested were found to be inactive as EROD inducers except for PCDE 156, which was a weak EROD inducer with a 2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalency factor of about 1.2 ϫ 10 Ϫ5 . During this study we determined that small amounts of polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) that occurred as impurities in the PCDE preparations were the cause of the apparent EROD induction initially measured in our experiments. Once the PCDF impurities were removed by purification on florisil, little or no activity could be attributed to the PCDEs.

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“…The highest concentration quantified was 0.90 ppm of an unidentified tetrachlorodiphenyl ether isomer which was found in the carcass of a common tern. 6 Studies conducted in Finland have detected PCDEs in fresh salmon, white-tailed eagles, and in commercial fish liver oil. 10 PCDEs have been shown to be relatively stable in the environment, 12 and coupled with the fact that they physicochemically similar to the PCBs, it was suggested that leakage of PCDEs into the biosphere may cause bioaccumulation problems similar to those caused by PCBs.…”

Section: Detection In the Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chlorinated phenoxyacetic acids are widely used as herbicides. 6 ' 7 Some of these contaminants are more toxic than the chlorophenols themselves. 8 -9 According to Stafford,6 PCDEs containing from three to ten chlorines have been identified in various chlorophenol preparations.…”

Section: Origins Of Pcdesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6 ' 7 Some of these contaminants are more toxic than the chlorophenols themselves. 8 -9 According to Stafford,6 PCDEs containing from three to ten chlorines have been identified in various chlorophenol preparations. Nilsson and Renberg, 3 using mass spectrometry, estimated levels of PCDEs in commercial chlorophenols to be in the range of 100 to 1000 ppm.…”

Section: Origins Of Pcdesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers—A review

Becker

Phillips

Safe

1991

Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry

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Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDEs) have been identified as by-products formed in the synthesis of chlorinated phenols. Analytical surveys have shown that PCDE residues are present in sediments, fish, wildlife, and human tissues. The uptake and persistence of PCDEs in laboratory animals resembled that observed for the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), however, in metabolic studies, ortho hydroxylation of the PCDEs was the dominant oxidative pathway. Studies indicate that PCDE congeners elicit a broad spectrum of toxic and biochemical responses in laboratory animals including the induction of several cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenase enzyme activities. In contrast with the coplanar PCBs which are significantly more toxic than their monoortho coplanar analogs, the coplanar PCDE congeners and their monoorthochloro-substituted analogs were equipotent. These data suggest that the PCDEs may contribute significantly to the toxicity of halogenated aromatics associated with chlorinated phenol-derived contaminated areas such as toxic chemical waste dumpsites.

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Halogenated diphenyl ethers identified in avian tissues and eggs by GC/MS

Cited by 67 publications

References 15 publications

Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Hexabromocyclododecane in Sediment and Fish From a Swedish River

Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Hexabromocyclododecane in Sediment and Fish From a Swedish River

Ethoxyresorufin‐O‐deethylase induction potency of polychlorinated diphenyl ethers in H4IIE rat hepatoma cells

Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers—A review

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