Halogen-free instinct flame-retardant waterborne polyurethanes: composition, performance, and application

Yin, Xuan; Li, Liqi; Pang, Haosheng; Luo, Yunjun; Zhang, Bing

doi:10.1039/d2ra01822e

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 152 publications

(163 reference statements)

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“…Halogen-containing flame retardants have high flame-retarding efficiency, and they were widely used in the last century. However, corrosive gases are produced while the flame is inhibited and cause great harm to the environment [ 33 ]. With the proposal of sustainable development and green flame retardancy, halogen-containing flame retardants are withdrawing from the historical stage of flame retardant [ 4 ].…”

Section: Research the Status Of Reactive Flame-retarded Polyurethane ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Strategy for Constructing Phosphorus-Based Flame-Retarded Polyurethane Elastomers for Advanced Performance in Long-Term

Luo,

Geng,

Zhang

et al. 2023

Polymers

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Polyurethane elastomer (PUE), which is widely used in coatings for construction, transportation, electronics, aerospace, and other fields, has excellent physical properties. However, polyurethane elastomers are flammable, which limits their daily use, so the flame retardancy of polyurethane elastomers is very important. Reactive flame retardants have the advantages of little influence on the physical properties of polymers and low tendency to migrate out. Due to the remarkable needs of non-halogenated flame retardants, phosphorus flame retardant has gradually stood out as the main alternative. In this review, we focus on the fire safety of PUE and provide a detailed overview of the current molecular design and mechanisms of reactive phosphorus-containing, as well as P-N synergistic, flame retardants in PUE. From the structural characteristics, several basic aspects of PUE are overviewed, including thermal performance, combustion performance, and mechanical properties. In addition, the perspectives on the future advancement of phosphorus-containing flame-retarded polyurethane elastomers (PUE) are also discussed. Based on the past research, this study provides prospects for the application of flame-retarded PUE in the fields of self-healing materials, bio-based materials, wearable electronic devices, and solid-state electrolytes.

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Section: Research the Status Of Reactive Flame-retarded Polyurethane ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Strategy for Constructing Phosphorus-Based Flame-Retarded Polyurethane Elastomers for Advanced Performance in Long-Term

Luo,

Geng,

Zhang

et al. 2023

Polymers

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“…10 In addition, as wooden products are highly flammable, PUD coatings as wood lacquers pose potential fire risks, and the combustion process of PUD coatings also generates toxic and harmful substances, greatly increasing the risk of use. [11][12][13] Therefore, the preparation of a matte PUD coating with flame retardant properties is essential.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, most of the waterborne matte wood coatings currently in use rely on the addition of external matte powder to reduce gloss levels, which presents issues such as large particle size and poor emulsion stability and film smoothness 10 . In addition, as wooden products are highly flammable, PUD coatings as wood lacquers pose potential fire risks, and the combustion process of PUD coatings also generates toxic and harmful substances, greatly increasing the risk of use 11–13 . Therefore, the preparation of a matte PUD coating with flame retardant properties is essential.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and application of flame retardant self‐matting aqueous polyurethane dispersion

2023

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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To address the issues of insufficient film smoothness, and flammability of aqueous polyurethane dispersions (PUD) prepared by adding matting agents, two hydrophilic chain extenders, dimethylolpropionic acid (DMPA) and sodium 2‐[(2‐aminoethyl)amino] ethanesulphonate (A95), were used to regulate the particle size of the emulsion while using FRC‐6 flame retardant as a small molecule chain extender to prepare a self‐matting and flame retardant PUD. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscope, and atomic force microscopy were used to structurally characterize the latex films. The results showed that as the R‐value (NCO/OH molar ratio) and soft segment content decreased, the prepolymer viscosity increased, making it difficult to emulsify and reducing the glossiness of the film. Moreover, an initial increase in DMPA content led to a decrease in film glossiness, followed by an increase. Increasing the molar ratio of A95 sulfonic acid salt‐based chain extender to EDA affected the glossiness of the film, with a 2:8 molar ratio of A95: ethylenediamine (EDA) resulting in a glossiness of the film of 6.5%. The addition of reactive flame retardant diethyl bis (2‐hydroxyethyl) aminomethyl phosphonate (FRC‐6) increased the branching content in the prepolymer, improved the flame retardancy of the film, and reduced its glossiness. As a result, the self‐prepared PUD had a flat film with a glossiness as low as 6.0% and a flame retardancy rating of level 4.

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“…This flame‐retardant system where the conjugated CN structure of triazines is combined with phosphorus is fascinating for industrialization. Phosphorus–nitrogen (PN) synergistic flame retardants have been exhibited to be useful and highly efficient by numerous researches 14–16 . For example, Kuruma Malkappa et al reported the preparation of MCA@PZS nano‐hybrid by sol–gel method, which showed a high flame retardant activity in PA6 polymer 10 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Phosphorusnitrogen (P N) synergistic flame retardants have been exhibited to be useful and highly efficient by numerous researches. [14][15][16] For example, Kuruma Malkappa et al reported the preparation of MCA@PZS nano-hybrid by solgel method, which showed a high flame retardant activity in PA6 polymer. 10 And Qin et al synthesized a melamine trimetaphosphate (MAP) nano-sheet via hydrogen bonding interactions and used for thermoplastic polyurethane.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of phosphorus‐nitrogen hybrid flame retardant and investigation of its efficient flame‐retardant behavior in PA6/PA66

Wang

et al. 2022

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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To improve the flame retardancy of PA6/PA66 copolymer, a phosphorusnitrogen flame retardant DDP-M was successfully synthesized via melt condensation reaction between 2-[(5-oxo-6H-phosphanthridin-5-yl)methyl] butanedioic acid (DDP) and melamine (Mel). Its structure, product composition, and thermal stability were characterized by FTIR, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results suggested that DDP-M was a hybrid flame retardant. A series of flame-retardant PA6/PA66 composites were prepared by melt extrusion. Their thermal stability and flame retardancy were assessed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), TGA, limiting oxygen index (LOI), and vertical burning test (UL-94). The combustion behavior demonstrated that DDP-M can effectively improve flame retardancy, achieving 32% of LOI value and UL-94 V-0 rating with only 9 wt.% addition. No melt dripping was accomplished by adding 12% DDP-M. The high dose (15%) harmed the flameretardant properties. The results of pyrolysis gaseous productions analysis and residual carbon analysis revealed the flame-retardant mechanism of DDP-M was a synergistic effect of melamine inducing gaseous phase flame retardancy and highly condensed P-N char layers inducing condensed phase flame retardancy. The composites retained good mechanical properties due to the good dispersibility and compatibility between polyamide and DDP-M.

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Halogen-free instinct flame-retardant waterborne polyurethanes: composition, performance, and application

Abstract: Ideal halogen-free instinct flame-retardant waterborne polyurethanes have high flame-retardant efficiency, environmental friendliness, fine compatibility, and good thermostability.

Cited by 10 publications

References 152 publications

Strategy for Constructing Phosphorus-Based Flame-Retarded Polyurethane Elastomers for Advanced Performance in Long-Term

Strategy for Constructing Phosphorus-Based Flame-Retarded Polyurethane Elastomers for Advanced Performance in Long-Term

Synthesis and application of flame retardant self‐matting aqueous polyurethane dispersion

Synthesis of phosphorus‐nitrogen hybrid flame retardant and investigation of its efficient flame‐retardant behavior in PA6/PA66

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