Halogen-free flame retardants

Wang, Y.-Z.

doi:10.1533/9781845694701.1.67

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 85 publications

(59 reference statements)

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“…Several papers deal with the flame retardancy of thermoplastic biocomposites by incorporating flame retardants (FRs) into the matrix [12,13,14]. Introduction of FR into the composites is mostly accompanied with the deterioration of the mechanical properties [15]. This problem can be solved or moderated by using flame retarded biofibres combined with matrix containing flame retardant additive, by which way the polymer concentration of the matrix and thus its strength can maintained [16,17,18].…”

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confidence: 99%

Development of natural fibre reinforced flame retarded epoxy resin composites

Szolnoki

Bocz

Sóti

et al. 2015

Polymer Degradation and Stability

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Natural hemp fabric reinforced epoxy resin composites were prepared in flame retarded form.Fabrics were treated in three ways: the first method involved the immersion of preheated fabric into cold phosphoric acid solution (allowing penetration into the capillaries of the fibres) and subsequent neutralization, the second way was a reactive modification carried out with an aminosilane-type coupling agent, while the third treatment combined the sol-gel surface coating with the first method. The introduction of P-content into the reinforcing fibres resulted in decreased flammability of not only the hemp fabrics, but also of the flame retardancy of epoxy composites, comprising it changed advantageously. By applying aminetype phosphorus-containing curing agent (TEDAP) in combination with the treated fabrics, V-0 UL-94 rating was achieved. Composites of unexpectedly improved static and dynamic mechanical properties could be prepared only when the simple phosphorous fibre treatment and reactive flame retardancy was combined. . This problem can be solved or moderated by using flame retarded biofibres combined with matrix containing flame retardant additive, by which way the polymer concentration of the matrix and thus its strength can maintained [16,17,18].In this work the idea of flame retarded reinforcement was adapted to epoxy resin composites, by combining it with P-containing crosslinking agent as reactive flame retardant in the matrix.Hemp fabrics were selected for forming flame retarded reinforcement and a P-containing amine [19,20] was applied as curing agent in the FR matrix composites. Materials and methods MaterialsThe epoxy Fabric treatmentTwill woven hemp fabrics (HF) were washed with water to remove dust and impurities and then dried in oven at 70 °C for 12 h. The fibres were treated in three ways in order to render them flame retardant. In the first case, the so-called thermotex procedure [21] was applied.The high-temperature treatment of the fabrics allows better absorption of the treating solution to the capillaries of the fabric. For this purpose, the fabrics were preheated at 120 °C for 2 h, and then immersed in cold 17 mass% phosphoric acid solution for 5 min. The ratio of fabric to phosphoric acid solution was 1 g to 10 ml. As the acid may induce long-term degradation in cellulose fibre structure, it was neutralized by immersing the fabrics in 5% ammonium hydroxide solution. The excess of the treating and neutralizing solutions were removed by pressing the fabrics by a foulard. After treatment, the fabrics were dried in air. The amount of the absorbed phosphorus was determined by the mass increase of the treated fibres and by elemental analysis using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (see section 2.3.3). The mass increase of the THF fibres was 8 mass%, which means the absorption of 1.7 mass% of P (1.65 mass% by elemental analysis).In the other case, sol-gel treatment of the fabrics was carried out using Geniosil GF-9 aminetype silane. The fabrics were immersed in 10 mass% toluene solution...

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confidence: 99%

Development of natural fibre reinforced flame retarded epoxy resin composites

Szolnoki

Bocz

Sóti

et al. 2015

Polymer Degradation and Stability

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“…[2] Aluminum trihydroxide (ATH) and magnesium di-hydroxide (MDH) represent the major market share of these additives. [3][4][5][6] The trend in material development went toward the modification and combination of existing polymers to overcome their disadvantages and combine their strengths. Polymer blends can be categorized into miscible and immiscible systems as the majority.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Halogen‐free flame‐retardant cable compounds: Influence of magnesium‐di‐hydroxide filler and coupling agent on EVA/LLDPE blend system morphology

Heinz¹,

Callsen

Stöcklein³

et al. 2021

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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Objective of this work was to deeper understand the influence of a grafted coupling agent in EVA/LLDPE based blends containing mineral filler acting as a flame-retardant. EVA/LLDPE blends (50:50 phr) containing magnesium-dihydroxide (MDH) were compounded. For comparison, parts (4%-5%) of LLDPE were substituted with MAA-g-LLDPE copolymer as a coupling agent. No influence of the coupling agent was observed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermal analysis. A strong influence of different filler ratios (0%-60%) was detected by rheological investigations. Morphological studies revealed significant differences in blend morphology and filler location caused by phase transition which is close to the 50:50 composition. The coupling agent improved the compatibility of the blend in that a reduced phase size could be observed. The addition of the coupling agent relocated the mineral filler from being mainly located in the EVA phase into the interphase and created a connection between both polymeric phases which resulted in improved thermo-mechanical performance. K E Y W O R D Scoupling agent, EVA/LLDPE blend, flame retardant compound, halogen-free flame retardant, polymer blend

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“…For a long time, halogen‐containing flame retardants have been widely used to improve the flame retardancy and thermal stability of polymer materials without decreasing mechanical properties of products. However, considering the human and environmental hazards caused by the toxic dioxins and furans, it has driven the market demand for halogen‐free flame retardants . Over the past few decades, layered double hydroxides (LDHs), as a type of halogen‐free flame retardants, have received widespread attentions because of its environmental friendliness, low cost, low toxicity, and low smoke .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of trace chloride on the char formation and flame retardancy of the LLDPE filled with NiAl‐layered double hydroxides

2018

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Summary Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have received intensive attentions for the potential as flame retardants of polyolefin. In the work, trace amounts of chloride were investigated for their synergistic effects on the char formation and flame retardancy of the linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) filled with NiAl‐LDHs. Results showed that 0.5 wt% of NH4Cl incorporation enabled the char yield of 20%LDH/LLDPE (20 wt% of NiAl‐LDH) increase from 10.4% to 49.6%. Other chlorides likewise offered significant increase in the char yield of 20%LDH/LLDPE. With the flame‐retardant measurements of cone calorimeter and limiting oxygen index device, it is revealed that the flame retardancy of LLDPE filled with NiAl‐LDHs could be greatly improved when trace amounts of NH4Cl were further introduced. Thermal stability analysis illustrated that the presence of NiAl‐LDHs or NH4Cl all had positive effects on the thermal stability of LLDPE, in which the chlorides influenced the LLDPE thermal stability via direct participation in the degradation of LLDPE. The synergetic mechanism analysis reveals that the introduction of chloride enabled the LLDPE decomposed products have more tendency to grow carbon nanotubes with the presence of NiAl‐LDH catalysts. Finally, the mechanical properties of LLDPE filled with NiAl‐LDHs and NH4Cl were also investigated.

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Halogen-free flame retardants

Cited by 10 publications

References 85 publications

Development of natural fibre reinforced flame retarded epoxy resin composites

Development of natural fibre reinforced flame retarded epoxy resin composites

Halogen‐free flame‐retardant cable compounds: Influence of magnesium‐di‐hydroxide filler and coupling agent on EVA/LLDPE blend system morphology

Effect of trace chloride on the char formation and flame retardancy of the LLDPE filled with NiAl‐layered double hydroxides

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