Halogen-Free Flame-Retardant Compounds. Thermal Decomposition and Flammability Behavior for Alternative Polyethylene Grades

Luyt, A. S.; Malik, Sarah S.; Gasmi, Soumia; Porfyris, Athanasios; Andronopoulou, Anna; Korres, Dimitrios; Vouyiouka, Stamatina; Großhauser, Michael; Pfaendner, Rudolf; Brüll, Robert; Papaspyrides, Constantine

doi:10.3390/polym11091479

Cited by 24 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Al-Salem and Liu et al [13,14] studied pyrolysis kinetics of the high density polyethylene. Luyt [15] investigated the effect of six halogen-free flame retardant (FR) formulations on the thermal stability of two low-density polyethylenes (LDPE) and one linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE). Park et al [16] characterized the pyrolysis of waste polyethylene using two successive stages with auger and fluidized bed reactors.…”

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confidence: 99%

Thermal Decomposition Mechanism and Kinetics Study of Plastic Waste Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride

et al. 2019

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Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), as a new type of engineering plastic waste, has been used widely due to its good heat resistance, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance, while it has become an important part of solid waste. The pyrolysis behaviors of CPVC waste were analyzed based on thermogravimetric experiments to explore its reaction mechanism. Compared with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pyrolysis, CPVC pyrolysis mechanism was divided into two stages and speculated to be dominated by the dehydrochlorination and cyclization/aromatization processes. A common model-free method, Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method, was applied to estimate the activation energy values at different conversion rates. Meanwhile, a typical model-fitting method, Coats-Redfern method, was used to predict the possible reaction model by the comparison of activation energy obtained from model-free method, thereby the first order reaction-order model and fourth order reaction-order model were established corresponding to these two stages. Eventually, based on the initial kinetic parameter values computed by model-free method and reaction model established by model-fitting method, kinetic parameters were optimized by Shuffled Complex Evolution algorithm and further applied to predict the CPVC pyrolysis behaviors during the whole temperature range.

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confidence: 99%

Thermal Decomposition Mechanism and Kinetics Study of Plastic Waste Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride

et al. 2019

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“…The SiO 2 layer increased the formation of carbon and slowed down the release of heat. [46,47] Therefore, the combustion performance of LDPE4 and LDPE5 were improved with the addition of SiO 2 @MAPP.…”

Section: Smoke Density Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of novel intumescent flame retardant low‐density polyethylene based on SiO₂@MAPP and double pentaerythritol

Shan

et al. 2020

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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To improve the flame‐retardant property of low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) composites, a novel intumescent flame retardant (IFR) consisting of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) covered by silicon dioxide and 3‐(Methylacryloxyl) propyltrimethoxy silane (KH‐570) (SiO2@MAPP) and double pentaerythritol (DPER) was synthesized. Various methods were applied to structural characterization and property investigations of different samples. The results indicated that the solubility of APP decreased after coating with silicon dioxide (SiO2) and KH‐570. The flame retardancy of LDPE composites was improved with addition of IFR containing SiO2@MAPP/DPER. With 30 wt% addition of IFR containing SiO2@MAPP /DPER, the limiting oxygen index reached 26.8% and the tensile strength was 3.30 MPa. The tensile strength was 7.14% higher than that of 30 wt% IFR without SiO2@MAPP. The smoke density test showed that the flue gas emission was obviously improved. The addition of SiO2@MAPP effectively increased the residual carbon content of composites and thermal stability of the composites.

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“…PEs are one of the most potential materials of value-adding in case of accurate formulation modifications [18]. It is of great importance to know the grades of PE as their flame performance is correlated with their chemical structure (i.e., branching type) and FR formulations [18]. The structure and properties of PE main grades, including density, crystallinity, LOI, thermal conductivity, melting temperature, and molecular weight are summarized in Table 1.…”

Section: Pe Grades and Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The nitrogen and phosphorus-based flame retardants used as treatments in PE, LDPE, LLDPE, and HDPE are listed in Table 2 with emphasis on the effect each additive have on the polymer matrix. In an interesting study reported by Luyt et al [18], six FR compositions obtained by mixing commercial N-and P-containing FRs were embedded into different grades of LDPE and LLDPE to evaluate their effects on thermal stability and fire-resistance. LDPE grade produced in an autoclave reactor showed the best flame retardancy performance (UL 94 V0, char residue: 10 ± 1% at 800 • C) when 35 wt.% of the triazine (TRZ) derivative and APP formulated FR was incorporated.…”

Section: Nitrogenmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Flame Retardancy of Polyethylene Composites: From Fundamental Concepts to Nanocomposites

et al. 2020

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Polyethylene (PE) is one the most used plastics worldwide for a wide range of applications due to its good mechanical and chemical resistance, low density, cost efficiency, ease of processability, non-reactivity, low toxicity, good electric insulation, and good functionality. However, its high flammability and rapid flame spread pose dangers for certain applications. Therefore, different flame-retardant (FR) additives are incorporated into PE to increase its flame retardancy. In this review article, research papers from the past 10 years on the flame retardancy of PE systems are comprehensively reviewed and classified based on the additive sources. The FR additives are classified in well-known FR families, including phosphorous, melamine, nitrogen, inorganic hydroxides, boron, and silicon. The mechanism of fire retardance in each family is pinpointed. In addition to the efficiency of each FR in increasing the flame retardancy, its impact on the mechanical properties of the PE system is also discussed. Most of the FRs can decrease the heat release rate (HRR) of the PE products and simultaneously maintains the mechanical properties in appropriate ratios. Based on the literature, inorganic hydroxide seems to be used more in PE systems compared to other families. Finally, the role of nanotechnology for more efficient FR-PE systems is discussed and recommendations are given on implementing strategies that could help incorporate flame retardancy in the circular economy model.

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Halogen-Free Flame-Retardant Compounds. Thermal Decomposition and Flammability Behavior for Alternative Polyethylene Grades

Cited by 24 publications

References 28 publications

Thermal Decomposition Mechanism and Kinetics Study of Plastic Waste Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride

Thermal Decomposition Mechanism and Kinetics Study of Plastic Waste Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride

Investigation of novel intumescent flame retardant low‐density polyethylene based on SiO₂@MAPP and double pentaerythritol

The Flame Retardancy of Polyethylene Composites: From Fundamental Concepts to Nanocomposites

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Halogen-Free Flame-Retardant Compounds. Thermal Decomposition and Flammability Behavior for Alternative Polyethylene Grades

Cited by 24 publications

References 28 publications

Thermal Decomposition Mechanism and Kinetics Study of Plastic Waste Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride

Thermal Decomposition Mechanism and Kinetics Study of Plastic Waste Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride

Investigation of novel intumescent flame retardant low‐density polyethylene based on SiO2@MAPP and double pentaerythritol

The Flame Retardancy of Polyethylene Composites: From Fundamental Concepts to Nanocomposites

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Investigation of novel intumescent flame retardant low‐density polyethylene based on SiO₂@MAPP and double pentaerythritol