Hallucinations: theoretical and clinical overview

Asaad, Ghazi; Shapiro, Bruce K.

doi:10.1176/ajp.143.9.1088

Cited by 164 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…The mechanism behind hallucinations in hyponatremia is unclear, but the etiology of visual hallucinations in general can be grouped into three categories: brain anatomy, brain chemistry, and emergence of the unconscious into the conscious [ 5 ]. Both brain anatomy and brain chemistry could be affected by electrolyte abnormalities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Closed-Eye Visualizations in the Setting of Hyponatremia

Peck

Mercogliano

York

2018

Case Reports in Medicine

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Purpose To report a case of closed-eye visualizations and to clarify the different types of hallucinations and their etiologies. Methods Retrospective case report of a patient with closed-eye visualizations secondary to hyponatremia. Clinical findings, physical exam, laboratory assessment, treatment, and disease course from the patient's hospitalization were used in creating this report. Follow-up data after discharge were also obtained. Results Closed-eye visualizations were diagnosed as secondary to hyponatremia, as they did not occur with the eyes open, and potential alternate causes were excluded. Serum sodium nadir was 119 mEq/L. Symptoms resolved with correction of hyponatremia via fluid resuscitation and electrolyte replenishment. There has been no recurrence of the symptoms. Conclusion This patient had hallucinations exclusively with the eyes closed, which must be differentiated from the release hallucinations seen with the eyes open in Charles Bonnet syndrome. This patient had no visual loss or retinal disease, which should be suspected in open eye hallucinations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Closed-Eye Visualizations in the Setting of Hyponatremia

Peck

Mercogliano

York

2018

Case Reports in Medicine

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“…Exceptions include Goodwin et al, 16 Gauntlett and Kuipers, 64 and Dudley et al 70 For the following review, information was drawn from these and other studies. 12,16,28,53,62,71,72 …”

Section: Phenomenological Features Of Vhmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual Hallucinations in the Psychosis Spectrum and Comparative Information From Neurodegenerative Disorders and Eye Disease

Waters

Collerton

ffytche

et al. 2014

Schizophrenia Bulletin

273

263

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Much of the research on visual hallucinations (VHs) has been conducted in the context of eye disease and neurodegenerative conditions, but little is known about these phenomena in psychiatric and nonclinical populations. The purpose of this article is to bring together current knowledge regarding VHs in the psychosis phenotype and contrast this data with the literature drawn from neurodegenerative disorders and eye disease. The evidence challenges the traditional views that VHs are atypical or uncommon in psychosis. The weighted mean for VHs is 27% in schizophrenia, 15% in affective psychosis, and 7.3% in the general community. VHs are linked to a more severe psychopathological profile and less favorable outcome in psychosis and neurodegenerative conditions. VHs typically co-occur with auditory hallucinations, suggesting a common etiological cause. VHs in psychosis are also remarkably complex, negative in content, and are interpreted to have personal relevance. The cognitive mechanisms of VHs in psychosis have rarely been investigated, but existing studies point to source-monitoring deficits and distortions in top-down mechanisms, although evidence for visual processing deficits, which feature strongly in the organic literature, is lacking. Brain imaging studies point to the activation of visual cortex during hallucinations on a background of structural and connectivity changes within wider brain networks. The relationship between VHs in psychosis, eye disease, and neurodegeneration remains unclear, although the pattern of similarities and differences described in this review suggests that comparative studies may have potentially important clinical and theoretical implications.

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“…There are numerous theories about the genesis of visual hallucinations. Asaad and Shapiro [5] identified three groups of potential causes of visual disturbances: psychophysiological (disruption of brain structure ex. seizure activity), psychobiochemical (specific biochemical and molecular changes), and psychodynamic.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three Cases with Visual Hallucinations following Combined Ocular and Occipital Damage

Paradowski

Kowalczyk

Chojdak-Łukasiewicz

et al. 2013

Case Reports in Medicine

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Charles Bonnet syndrome is an underrecognized disease that involves visual hallucinations in visually impaired patients. We present the cases of three patients who experienced complex visual hallucinations following various pathomechanisms. In two cases, diagnosis showed coexistence of occipital lobe damage with ocular damage, while in the third case it showed occipital lobe damage with retrobulbar optic neuritis. Theories of pathogenesis and the neuroanatomical basis of complex visual hallucinations are discussed and supported by literature review.

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Hallucinations: theoretical and clinical overview

Cited by 164 publications

References 80 publications

Closed-Eye Visualizations in the Setting of Hyponatremia

Closed-Eye Visualizations in the Setting of Hyponatremia

Visual Hallucinations in the Psychosis Spectrum and Comparative Information From Neurodegenerative Disorders and Eye Disease

Three Cases with Visual Hallucinations following Combined Ocular and Occipital Damage

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