Halitosis: etiology, prevention, and the role of microbiota

Li, Zhengrui; Li, Jing; Fu, Rao; Liu, Ji’an; Wen, Xutao; Zhang, Ling

doi:10.1007/s00784-023-05292-9

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Oral malodor not only brings social annoyance but also accompanies oral diseases such as periodontitis and gingivitis, so maintaining oral health and reducing oral malodor is an urgent need for patients with halitosis [ 44 ]. The main oral care products that are commonly used to treat oral malodor are antibacterial agents such as chlorhexidine or triclosan, and antibiotics such as metronidazole, clindamycin and amoxicillin that are used clinically [ 45 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of honokiol combined with resveratrol on bacteria responsible for oral malodor and their biofilm

Zheng,

Deng,

Huang

et al. 2024

Journal of Oral Microbiology

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of honokiol combined with resveratrol on bacteria responsible for oral malodor and their biofilm

Zheng,

Deng,

Huang

et al. 2024

Journal of Oral Microbiology

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“…Its more advanced model OralChroma CHM-2 can fix this drawback, as it dramatically raises that detection rate to 95% [17]. Apart from VSCs, various volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as skatole also contribute halitosis [18], but they cannot be measured by OralChroma. In contrast, GC in a laboratory setting can quantify and qualify VSCs and VOCs in breath at the same time.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Management of functional constipation-associated halitosis: a retrospective study

Qian (钱孝先)

2024

J. Breath Res.

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The features of functional constipation (FC)-associated halitosis were identified in the author’s previous report. In this report, the author aimed to further investigate its treatment and efficacy. This retrospective study reviewed 100 FC patients, including 82 (82%) halitosis patients and 18 (18%) non-halitosis patients. They underwent the organoleptic test (OLT) to diagnose halitosis, and the organoleptic score (OLS) (0–5) was used to evaluated halitosis severity. The Cleveland Clinical Constipation Score (CCCS) (0–30) was used to evaluate FC severity. Patients were treated with the laxative polyethylene glycol electrolyte powder (PGEP) for four weeks. These tests were performed before and after treatment. The author found that, before treatment, the CCCS was 20.00 (18.00–23.00) for all patients, 21.00 (19.00–24.00) for halitosis patients, and 18.00 (17.00–18.25) for non-halitosis patients. A significant difference was observed between halitosis patients and non-halitosis patients (P < 0.001). The OLS for halitosis patients was 3.00 (3.00–4.00). A positive correlation (r = 0.814, 95% CI: 0.732–0.872, P < 0.001) was found between OLS and CCCS. A CCCS ≥18 predicted over 50% probability of halitosis. After treatment, the CCCS significantly decreased to 11.50 (6.00–14.75) (P < 0.001), and OLS significantly decreased to 1.00 (0.00–2.00) (P < 0.001). A positive correlation (r = 0.770, 95% CI: 0.673–0.841, P < 0.001) persisted between OLS and CCCS. A pre-treatment CCCS ≥21 predicted over 50% probability of post-treatment halitosis, while a post-treatment CCCS ≥12 predicted over 50% probability of post-treatment halitosis. The author concludes that the severity of FC parallels the severity of FC-associated halitosis, and can predict the probability of halitosis. Laxative treatment with PGEP is effective in improving FC-associated halitosis.

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“…Halitosis can affect people's normal social lives and even have a serious psychological impact on the patient. Halitosis can be categorized into the following three types: true halitosis, pseudo-halitosis, and halitophobia [49]. True halitosis refers to a noticeable oral odor that adversely affects a person's life and may require medical treatment; pseudo-halitosis refers to the patient's belief that he or she has halitosis but no one else can smell it; and halitophobia is a condition in which the patient insists that he or she suffers from halitosis, even after treatment for either true or pseudo-halitosis and after the patient is clinically certified as not having halitosis [49].…”

Section: Halitosis and Periodontal Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Sensing Devices in the Detection of Oral, Pulmonary, and Gastrointestinal Diseases

Yu,

Mou,

Zhang

et al. 2024

Chemosensors

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Biomedical sensing technology is developing at a tremendous pace and is expected to become an effective clinical tool for the diagnosis and monitoring of human health. The development of sensing devices has successfully transformed the specific sensor prototype designed in the laboratory into a commercially feasible clinical disease detection device. Recently, sensing devices have been accelerated and extended to various fields beyond disease detection, including the measurement of gastrointestinal physiological parameters such as pH, VOC detection, small-molecule gas sensing, and noninvasive screening of oral and lung diseases such as oral cancer, gastric cancer, and other major diseases. In this review, the applications of sensors and electronic nose devices in the diagnosis and monitoring of oral, pulmonary, and gastrointestinal diseases are reviewed, as well as the design and application of sensor materials in disease markers and in situ detection. This article also introduces the practical application of sensing devices in human disease detection, critically analyzes their detection mechanisms and clinical utility, and discusses their future development in medicine. We believe that this review will help readers, especially practitioners in the medical field, provide ideas for the development of sensing devices.

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Halitosis: etiology, prevention, and the role of microbiota

Cited by 6 publications

References 52 publications

Effects of honokiol combined with resveratrol on bacteria responsible for oral malodor and their biofilm

Effects of honokiol combined with resveratrol on bacteria responsible for oral malodor and their biofilm

Management of functional constipation-associated halitosis: a retrospective study

Application of Sensing Devices in the Detection of Oral, Pulmonary, and Gastrointestinal Diseases

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