Half of 23 Belgian dog breeds has a compromised genetic diversity, as revealed by genealogical and molecular data analysis

Wijnrocx, Katrien; François, Liesbeth; Stinckens, Anneleen; Janssens, Steven; Buys, Nadine

doi:10.1111/jbg.12203

Cited by 34 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(88 reference statements)

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“…The natural canine attributes of visual and olfactory acuity (Chen, Irwin, & Zhang, 2012;Tacher et al, 2005), speed and endurance (Huson et al, 2012;Kemp, Bachus, Nairn, & Carrier, 2005;Pasi & Carrier, 2003), guardianship, predatory nature (Akkad et al, 2015;Starling, Branson, Thomson, & McGreevy, 2013;Sundman, Johnsson, Wright, & Jensen, 2016), and their seemingly innate companionability with humans (Cagan & Blass, 2016;Fadel et al, 2016;Gacsi, McGreevy, Kara, & Miklosi, 2009;vonHoldt et al, 2017;Jakovcevic, Elgier, Mustaca, & Bentosela, 2010;van der Waaij, Wilsson, & Strandberg, 2008) have been exploited for thousands of years. However, in the pursuit of a distinct lineage, selection of breeding animals will unavoidably rely on a small source pool (Alam et al, 2012;Calboli, Sampson, Fretwell, & Balding, 2008;Kumpulainen et al, 2017;Pfahler & Distl, 2015;Streitberger et al, 2012;Wijnrocx et al, 2016). As such, dog breeds which perform similar tasks are frequently more closely related to each other than to breeds with different occupations, allowing for the visualization of phylogenetic breed clades sometimes segregating by broad behavior patterns (Parker et al, 2017;Vaysse, et al 2011;von Holdt et al, 2010;Parker et al, 2004;and Figure 2).…”

Section: Italian Dog Breedsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, seven local landrace populations, defined as distinct dog varieties unique to a specific geographic region with historically limited breeding populations, are included in this study. The latter are not recognized by any purebred canine registry but, nonetheless, may display a genetic pattern consistent with other purebreeds (Alam, Han, Lee, Ha, & Kim, 2012;Puja et al, 2005;Tanabe, 2007;Wijnrocx, Francois, Stinckens, Janssens, & Buys, 2016; Yoo et al, 2017), such as has been observed for one Italian regional population, the Fonni's Dog Dreger, Rimbault, et al, 2016;Sechi et al, 2016). By focusing our analyses on breeds with diverse phenotypes that have all originated in a single country, we aim to employ genetic data to expand upon historical breed formation accounts and define the modes by which humans have produced recognizable and diversified dog breeds.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Studies of modern Italian dog populations reveal multiple patterns for domestic breed evolution

Talenti

Dreger

Frattini

et al. 2018

Ecology and Evolution

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Through thousands of years of breeding and strong human selection, the dog (Canis lupus familiaris) exists today within hundreds of closed populations throughout the world, each with defined phenotypes. A singular geographic region with broad diversity in dog breeds presents an interesting opportunity to observe potential mechanisms of breed formation. Italy claims 14 internationally recognized dog breeds, with numerous additional local varieties. To determine the relationship among Italian dog populations, we integrated genetic data from 263 dogs representing 23 closed dog populations from Italy, seven Apennine gray wolves, and an established dataset of 161 globally recognized dog breeds, applying multiple genetic methods to characterize the modes by which breeds are formed within a single geographic region. Our consideration of each of five genetic analyses reveals a series of development events that mirror historical modes of breed formation, but with variations unique to the codevelopment of early dog and human populations. Using 142,840 genome‐wide SNPs and a dataset of 1,609 canines, representing 182 breeds and 16 wild canids, we identified breed development routes for the Italian breeds that included divergence from common populations for a specific purpose, admixture of regional stock with that from other regions, and isolated selection of local stock with specific attributes.

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Section: Italian Dog Breedsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies of modern Italian dog populations reveal multiple patterns for domestic breed evolution

Talenti

Dreger

Frattini

et al. 2018

Ecology and Evolution

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“…; Wijnrocx et al . ). More rarely, studies have considered dog breeds raised in different countries, analysing gene flow between national populations (Oliehoek et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The evolution of genetic variability based on the genealogies of purebred dogs has been studied in many breeds (Karjalainen & Ojala 1997;Leroy et al 2006;Calboli et al 2008;Leroy et al 2009;M€ aki 2010;Lewis et al 2015;Wijnrocx et al 2016). More rarely, studies have considered dog breeds raised in different countries, analysing gene flow between national populations (Oliehoek et al 2009;M€ aki 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Merging pedigree databases to describe and compare mating practices and gene flow between pedigree dogs in France, Sweden and the UK

Wang

Leroy

Malm

et al. 2016

J Animal Breeding Genetics

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Merging pedigree databases across countries may improve the ability of kennel organizations to monitor genetic variability and health-related issues of pedigree dogs. We used data provided by the Société Centrale Canine (France), Svenska Kennelklubben (Sweden) and the Kennel Club (UK) to study the feasibility of merging pedigree databases across countries and describe breeding practices and international gene flow within the following four breeds: Bullmastiff (BMA), English setter (ESE), Bernese mountain dog (BMD) and Labrador retriever (LBR). After merging the databases, genealogical parameters and founder contributions were calculated according to the birth period, breed and registration country of the dogs. Throughout the investigated period, mating between close relatives, measured as the proportion of inbred individuals (considering only two generations of pedigree), decreased or remained stable, with the exception of LBR in France. Gene flow between countries became more frequent, and the origins of populations within countries became more diverse over time. In conclusion, the potential to reduce inbreeding within purebred dog populations through exchanging breeding animals across countries was confirmed by an improved effective population size when merging populations from different countries.

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“…Inbreeding rates and effective population sizes vary across breeds (Wijnrocx, Francois, Stinckens, Janssens & Buys, 2016). The Saarloos Wolfhond simulated in this study is at the lower end of the effective population sizes and was chosen because typically outcrosses are initiated for such breeds.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Limits to genetic rescue by outcross in pedigree dogs

Windig

Doekes

2018

J Animal Breeding Genetics

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Outcrossing should reduce inbreeding levels and associated negative effects in highly inbred populations. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of different outcrossing schemes using computer simulations. The inbreeding rate estimated for a 25-year period of 2.1% per generation in a highly inbred dog breed reduced to 1.8% when a single litter was produced by an outcross without backcrosses. To reduce the inbreeding rate below 1%, more than eight of the 14 litters born yearly in the recipient breed had to be outcrossed. However, outcrossing in pedigree dogs is usually followed by backcrossing and generally involves one or a few litters. Backcrossing reduced the effect of outcrossing considerably. When two litters were produced by an outcross followed by one generation of backcross, the inbreeding rate was 2.0% per generation. Continuously outcrossing was more effective than a single or a few outcrosses. When each newborn litter during 25 years had a 5% chance of being produced by an outcross, the inbreeding rate reduced to -0.2%. To investigate the possibility that new alleles were introduced from the donor population into the recipient population, the fate of different type of alleles (varying from completely lethal to beneficial) before and after an outcross was investigated by first simulating 80 years of natural selection prior to the outcross and then different types of outcross. Because natural selection reduced the frequency of lethal alleles before outcrossing, the introduction of a lethal allele that was segregating in the donor breed but not in the recipient breed occurred rarely. Introduction of slightly detrimental alleles or neutral alleles occurred more frequently. In conclusion, outcrossing only had a limited short-term effect unless repeated continuously. Nevertheless, it may help to buy time in which the population structure can be changed so that the effective population size increases.

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Half of 23 Belgian dog breeds has a compromised genetic diversity, as revealed by genealogical and molecular data analysis

Cited by 34 publications

References 30 publications

Studies of modern Italian dog populations reveal multiple patterns for domestic breed evolution

Studies of modern Italian dog populations reveal multiple patterns for domestic breed evolution

Merging pedigree databases to describe and compare mating practices and gene flow between pedigree dogs in France, Sweden and the UK

Limits to genetic rescue by outcross in pedigree dogs

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