Hair-Pb longitudinal profiles and blood-Pb in the population of young Slovenian males

Štupar, Janez; Dolinšek, F.; Eržen, Ivan

doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2006.03.010

Cited by 25 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…However, blood sampling is an invasive procedure; on the other hand, hair is a biological matrix easy to collect, to storage and transport (Sanna et al 2003). Some authors argue that the hair lead levels (PbH) is a good marker of lead body burden in environmental contamination studies, but some aspects related to external contamination and the ability to distinguish between endogenous and external deposition are still a concern (Sanna et al 2003;Ozden et al 2007;Stupar et al 2007). Another aspect is the variation in Pb concentration in different sub-populations according to age, sex, race (hair colour) and ecological factors which may vary among populations (Barbosa et al 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of lead exposure in children on the outskirts of Salvador, Brazil

Menezes-Filho

Viana

Paes

2011

Environ Monit Assess

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Lead (Pb) is a toxic heavy metal that is widely distributed throughout the environment. Pb is an important neurotoxic metal and children are more susceptible to its effect due to their higher absorption rate and greater susceptibility of the developing nervous system. In this work, we evaluated the lead exposure levels in children living near a metallurgical plant and identified risk factors associated with its internal dose. All children, aged 1-10 years and 11 months, living near a metallurgical plant in the great Salvador area, Brazil were evaluated in this cross-sectional study and compared with children from a non exposed area. Occipital hair and blood were used to assess exposure. Air lead levels in the respirable fraction (PM 2.5 ) were also measured in both areas. Blood lead levels (BLL), hair lead levels (PbH) and air lead were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Spearman correlations analysis was used to evaluate correlations between BLL, PbH and descriptors. Significant risk factors were modeled using multivariate linear regression analysis. Air lead levels were approximately tenfolds lower than EPA reference concentration (0.15 μg/m 3 ). Median BLL and PbH were1.65 ± 1.45 μg/dL and 1.26 ± 3.70 μg/g, respectively, in exposed children. In the referents, medians were BLL 1.20 ± 1.20 μg/dL; PbH 2.09 ± 2.06 μg/g. No significant difference was observed in biomarkers levels between boys and girls. It was observed a positive weak correlation (Spearman rho = 0.197, p = 0.033) between BLL and PbH. Our data show that children's lead body burden measured as BLL or PbH are low when compared with the recommended reference values. Despite that, we were able to identify four risk factors associated with increased biological lead levels: age, living near industrial site, environmental tobacco smoking and, above all, domestic waste burning. In order to prevent such avoidable exposure, environmental education and proper waste management should be implemented, especially in developing countries.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of lead exposure in children on the outskirts of Salvador, Brazil

Menezes-Filho

Viana

Paes

2011

Environ Monit Assess

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“…The observed limitations on the use of this biomarker concern both the analytical method [25,34] and the wide variation in hair lead levels between populations and between various subpopulations (i.e., ethnic groups, age classes, sexes, and hair colors) [22,[35][36][37][38][39]. Therefore, some authors believe that the individual variations in PbH are too large to consider it a valid alternative biomarker to PbB [18,27] while others accept that there is a significant correlation (albeit with a large degree of unexplained variance) between PbB and PbH in children exposed to environmental pollution [20,22,26,[40][41][42][43][44][45]]. It appears that the level of environmental or occupational lead pollution considerably affects the strength of this correlation [26] but that the correlation is weaker when the children have low blood lead levels [26] especially when PbB values are ≤10 μg/dL [40].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Many studies have examined alternative biomarkers, but the debate is still open on their reliability [25][26][27][28]. Regarding the use of PbU instead of PbB, several authors agree on a significant correlation between these two biomarkers when the biomonitoring is performed on workers exposed to high levels of Pb pollution [27][28][29][30][31][32], whereas caution is advised when the sample consists of subjects exposed to environmental pollution [28,30].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, some authors believe that the individual variations in PbH are too large to consider it a valid alternative biomarker to PbB [18,27] while others accept that there is a significant correlation (albeit with a large degree of unexplained variance) between PbB and PbH in children exposed to environmental pollution [20,22,26,[40][41][42][43][44][45]]. It appears that the level of environmental or occupational lead pollution considerably affects the strength of this correlation [26] but that the correlation is weaker when the children have low blood lead levels [26] especially when PbB values are ≤10 μg/dL [40]. If considered alone, the results for the single matrices could lead to misleading deductions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of Association between Biomarkers of Lead Exposure in Sardinian Children (Italy)

Sanna

Micco

Vallascas

2011

Biol Trace Elem Res

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The aim of this work is to verify whether there are statistically significant correlations between the concentrations of lead in blood, urine, and hair in children. The sample collected in 2007 consists of 163 children of both sexes from 11-14-year-olds, living in three municipalities of Sardinia (Italy). Inductively coupled plasma atomic mass spectrometry has been used in the determination of lead concentration in biological material. For the overall sample, there is a non-significant partial correlation among the three matrices. However, for subjects with blood lead levels ≥5 μg/dL, there is a significant positive partial correlation between the lead levels in blood and hair, but not between blood and urine or between urine and hair. The results suggest that blood is the preferred biomarker to ascertain lead exposure in human populations, whereas hair can be used as a tool screening when an area is exposed to medium or high lead pollution.

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“…However, children and mothers did have positively correlated mercury levels. Findings of Stupar et al (2007) showed that hair can be used for the quantification of exogenous atmospheric exposure and in some cases even for the estimation of corresponding air concentrations. Valentine et al (1978) analyzed blood, hair, urine, and tap water samples in a population exposed to varying amounts of selenium via water from home wells.…”

Section: Hair Toxic Metals Levels In Relation To Environmental Exposumentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative analysis of toxic and essential elements in human hair. Clinical validity of results

Kosanović

Jokanović

2010

Environ Monit Assess

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Over the last three decades, there has been an increasing awareness of environmental and occupational exposures to toxic or potentially toxic trace elements. The evolution of biological monitoring includes knowledge of kinetics of toxic and/or essential elements and adverse health effects related to their exposure. The debate whether a hair is a valid sample for biomonitoring or not is still attracting the attention of analysts, health care professionals, and environmentalists. Although researchers have found many correlations of essential elements to diseases, metabolic disorders, environmental exposures, and nutritional status, opponents of the concept of hair analysis object that hair samples are unreliable due to the influence of external factors. This review discusses validity of hair as a sample for biomonitoring of essential and toxic elements, with emphasis on pre-analytical, analytical, and post-analytical factors influencing results.

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Hair-Pb longitudinal profiles and blood-Pb in the population of young Slovenian males

Cited by 25 publications

References 51 publications

Determinants of lead exposure in children on the outskirts of Salvador, Brazil

Determinants of lead exposure in children on the outskirts of Salvador, Brazil

Evaluation of Association between Biomarkers of Lead Exposure in Sardinian Children (Italy)

Quantitative analysis of toxic and essential elements in human hair. Clinical validity of results

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