Haemostasis disorders caused by envenomation by Cerastes cerastes and Macrovipera mauritanica vipers

Rosemary leaves extract: Anti-snake action against Egyptian Cerastes cerastes venom

“…The Cc venom contains 70% metallo, serine and hemorragic proteinases. 3 , 43 These proteases caused local hemorrhage, fibrinolysis, and interfere with clotting factors and the complement system. 44 The RMAE effectively inhibited the Cc venom proteases and almost the hemostatic alterations induced by Cc venom like hemorrhage, RBCs lysis, coagulation and fibrinogen degradation.…”

Characterising venom variation and antivenom effectiveness within the “True” vipers (Viperinae: Viperidae)

“…Despite that the Daboia venoms variably exerted either net procoagulant or anticoagulant activity on the plasma, all venoms acted upon multiple points along the coagulation cascade, namely factor X and prothrombin, in a procoagulant manner(Figure 3.15). This is a notable result for the Afro-Arabian clade as, given the pivotal role of thrombin in coagulation, this may represent an important contribution to the coagulopathy and haemostatic disturbances reported in bite victims[165,166,169,185].…”

“…However, variation in venom composition has been widely documented in these species, particularly with regard to phospholipase A2 (PLA2) expression and activity [15,72,73]. [162][163][164][165]. Envenomings by these species are relatively infrequent and thus human fatalities are few [166].…”

“…However, this is more likely an outcome of lower population densities and less sympatry between human and snake populations, leading to fewer human-snake interactions, than it is reflective of low venom toxicity. Proportionally, D. mauritanica is still the most medically significant species throughout its distribution [164][165][166]. Daboia deserti venom is largely undescribed and its medical significance is uncertain.…”

“…Daboia palaestinae is reported to be the most medically significant species in the regions it can be found [167][168][169]. The venom constituents of this species include haemorrhagic SVMPs, neurotoxic PLA2s, and SVSPs [165,170,171]. Case reports and clinical studies describe varied symptoms, including massive oedema, haemorrhage, mild coagulopathy and haemostatic disturbances, neurotoxicity, and bradycardia [167][168][169]172].…”