Haemorrhagic kidney syndrome may not be a variation of infectious salmon anaemia

Aquaculture mediates global transmission of a viral pathogen to wild salmon

“…Modest to moderate pathological lesions have been documented in PRV-1a–challenged Chinook salmon ( 34 , 37 ), and lesions consistent with these have been associated with PRV-1a infection in the NE Pacific in fish dying with jaundice and anemia on Chinook salmon farms ( 33 ) and in wild juvenile Chinook ( 39 ). Rather than the cardiac disease caused by PRV-1 in Atlantic salmon ( 28 ), PRV-1–associated lesions in Chinook salmon seem to affect primarily the kidney and liver ( 33 ), a manifestation consistent with other PRV-related diseases described in Pacific salmonids ( 27 , 29 , 40 , 41 ) and Atlantic salmon in eastern Canada ( 42 ).…”

Piscine orthoreovirus: Biology and distribution in farmed and wild fish

“…Secondary infections of cardiomyocytes, hepatocytes, enterocytes and tissue‐resident leukocyte‐like cells (presumably macrophages) by PRV‐1 have also been reported (Dhamotharan et al., 2020; Di Cicco et al., 2017, 2018; Ferguson, Di Cicco, Sandoval, MacPhee, & Miller, 2020) and likely also occur for other genogroups (Vendramin, Kannimuthu, et al, 2019). However, it is unclear as to whether or not PRV from any genogroup can replicate within these alternate cell types.…”

“…PRV‐1 has also been detected in farmed Atlantic Salmon from Eastern Canada (Ferguson et al., 2020; Siah et al, in press ; Teffer et al., 2020). Retrospective screening of eight Atlantic Salmon diagnosed with haemorrhagic kidney syndrome from two farmed populations in New Brunswick in 1996 was all shown to be positive for PRV nucleic acid and protein (Ferguson et al., 2020).…”

“…PRV‐1 has also been detected in farmed Atlantic Salmon from Eastern Canada (Ferguson et al., 2020; Siah et al, in press ; Teffer et al., 2020). Retrospective screening of eight Atlantic Salmon diagnosed with haemorrhagic kidney syndrome from two farmed populations in New Brunswick in 1996 was all shown to be positive for PRV nucleic acid and protein (Ferguson et al., 2020). More recently, PRV has been detected in escaped farmed Atlantic Salmon (Teffer et al., 2020) and in most other instances where net‐pen farmed Atlantic Salmon have been screened (N. Gagne, personal communication), suggesting that PRV‐1 is likely ubiquitous in farmed Atlantic Salmon in the region and has been so for at least the last few decades.…”

“…PRV‐1 was first identified in Norway (Palacios et al., 2010) and has since been ubiquitously detected in that country (Løvoll et al., 2012; Wiik‐Nielsen, Alarcón, Jensen, Haugland, & Mikalsen, 2016). PRV‐1 is also commonly detected in other North Atlantic countries including Canada, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Iceland, Germany, Denmark, Faroe Islands and France with an additional single detection from Sweden (Adamek et al., 2018; Biering & Garseth, 2012; Ferguson et al., 2020; Gunnarsdóttir, Sigurðardóttir, Bragason, & Guðmundsdótti, 2018; Labrut, Bigarré, Boitard, & Jamin, 2018; Vendramin, 2019; Vendramin, Cuenca, et al, 2019). In the Pacific region, PRV‐1 has been detected along the west coast of the United States and Canada as well as in Chile (Godoy et al., 2016; Marty et al., 2015; Purcell et al., 2018).…”