Haemophilus influenzae Invasive Disease in the United States, 1994–1995: Near Disappearance of a Vaccine-Preventable Childhood Disease

Bisgard, Kristine M.; Kao, Annie S.; Leake, John A. D.; Strebel, Peter M.; Perkins, Bradley A.; Wharton, Melinda

doi:10.3201/eid0402.980210

Cited by 176 publications

(102 citation statements)

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“…Annual period incidence rates for H. infl uenzae during 2003-2005 were >4-fold higher among aboriginal persons than among non-aboriginal persons. Although Hib disease is rare because of universal Hib vaccination, the greatest number of cases occurred among aboriginal persons, a group known to be at increased risk for Hib disease (24)(25)(26). Studies in Alaskan aboriginal populations suggest that continued low-level nasopharangeal colonization facilitates transmission to susceptible children (4).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Invasive Bacterial Diseases in Northern Canada

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et al. 2008

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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International Circumpolar Surveillance (ICS) is a population-based invasive bacterial disease surveillance network. Participating Canadian regions include Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and northern regions of Québec and Labrador (total population 132,956, 59% aboriginal). Clinical and demographic information were collected by using standardized surveillance forms. Bacterial isolates were forwarded to reference laboratories for confi rmation and serotyping. After pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introduction, crude annual incidence rates of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae decreased from 34.0/100,000 population (1999)(2000)(2001)(2002)) to 23.6/100,000 population (2003)(2004)(2005); substantial reductions were shown among aboriginals. However, incidence rates of S. pneumoniae, Haemophilus infl uenzae, and group A streptococci were higher in aboriginal populations than in non-aboriginal populations. H. infl uenzae type b was rare; 52% of all H. infl uenzae cases were caused by type a. Data collected by ICS contribute to the understanding of the epidemiology of invasive bacterial diseases among northern populations, which assists in formulation of prevention and control strategies, including immunization recommendations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Invasive Bacterial Diseases in Northern Canada

Degani

Navarro

Deeks

et al. 2008

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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“…Immunization with capsular polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines has almost eliminated invasive Hib disease in the United States and other developed countries where the vaccines are used extensively. 2,3 Some have speculated that other serotypes might acquire additional virulence traits and emerge as important pathogens. 4,5 However, surveillance in the United States, Great Britain, and Switzerland until now has not shown significant increases in infections of children with other serotypes.…”

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Invasive Serotype a Haemophilus influenzaeInfections With a Virulence Genotype Resembling Haemophilus influenzae Type b: Emerging Pathogen in the Vaccine Era?

et al. 2001

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ABSTRACT. Objective. Haemophilus influenzae type b causes severe disease in nonimmune infants and young children; other serotypes are uncommon pathogens and thought to have low virulence. Some have hypothesized that with the virtual elimination of H influenzae type b, other serotypes might acquire virulence traits and emerge as important pathogens of children. We describe the clinical, epidemiologic, and molecular biologic features of 5 cases of severe disease attributable to Haemophilus influenzae type a.Methods. After observing 4 cases of invasive disease caused by H influenzae type a, we reviewed microbiology records at 3 reference laboratories that perform all serotyping in Utah and surveillance databases. Strains of H influenzae type a and control strains were examined by Southern blotting with the use of the cap probe pUO38 and by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The putative virulence mutation, the IS1016-bexA deletion, was detected by polymerase chain reaction amplification and sequencing.Results. During a 10-month period, we observed 5 children with severe invasive disease caused by H influenzae type a. No isolates of H influenzae type a had been submitted to the reference laboratories between 1992 and 1998. The median age of patients was 12 months (range: 6 -48 months). Four of 5 had meningitis and bacteremia; 1 had purpura fulminans. Three isolates, representing 1 of 2 pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns, contained the IS1016-bexA deletion and were associated with particularly severe disease.Conclusions. We describe an unusual cluster of severe disease caused by H influenzae type a that resembles the clinical and epidemiologic features of H influenzae type b disease. Our data support the hypothesis that the IS1016-bexA deletion may identify more virulent strains of H influenzae. Pediatrics 2001;108(1). URL: http://www. pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/108/1/e18; Haemophilus influenzae, epidemiology, virulence, serotyping, pathogenicity.

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“…Indigenous people, defi ned as the original people of Alaska (Alaska Native people) and northern Canada (aboriginal people), are at increased risk for Hib disease (8)(9)(10)(11)(12) than the general populations of the United States and Canada, and the risk for disease peaks at an earlier age (12)(13)(14). While Hib vaccination led to the rapid decline of Hib disease in all populations including indigenous groups, indigenous children continue to have higher rates of Hib disease than nonindigenous children (12,15).…”

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confidence: 99%