Haemophilus influenzae: antibiotic susceptibility

Needham, Cynthia A.

doi:10.1128/cmr.1.2.218

Clin Microbiol Rev

1988

DOI: 10.1128/cmr.1.2.218

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Haemophilus influenzae: antibiotic susceptibility

Cynthia A. Needham

Abstract: Ampicillin resistance was first reported among clinical isolates of Haemophilus influenzae in 1972. Reports of chloramphenicol resistance followed shortly thereafter. The principal mechanism of resistance to these two antibiotics is enzymatic. Although other mechanisms have been described, they are found in comparatively few strains. The genetic information for the inactivating enzymes is plasmid mediated and therefore readily transmissible to susceptible strains. Consequently, effective therapy for invasive d… Show more

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Cited by 48 publications

(34 citation statements)

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“…In cases of sepsis, extragenital infections, brain abscess, subdural abscess, or deep wounds, it is important to discover the presence of these species and to investigate their susceptibility to effective antimicrobial agents (2,3,13,15,20,22). However, the testing of susceptibilities for anaerobic and fastidious bacteria is hampered by slow growth, variations in media that support the growth of these microorganisms, and test methodologies.…”

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First Comprehensive Evaluation of the M.I.C. Evaluator Device Compared to Etest and CLSI Reference Dilution Methods for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Clinical Strains of Anaerobes and Other Fastidious Bacterial Species

et al. 2012

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bThe new M.I.C. Evaluator strip uses test methodology and the recording of results that are similar to those of Etest. For this first assessment, 102 clinical strains of anaerobic bacteria from 12 genera and 155 strains from 7 genera and 8 species of fastidious bacteria were tested by M.I.C. Evaluator, Etest, and agar dilution or broth microdilution as a reference standard. Ampicillin, amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, imipenem, levofloxacin, metronidazole, penicillin, and tetracycline were tested depending on the species. Agar dilution for anaerobes was performed according to CLSI document M11-A7. For the fastidious bacteria, CLSI document M45-A2 was followed. For the anaerobes, essential and categorical agreement between M.I.C. Evaluator and Etest was >90%. Compared to agar dilution, essential agreement was low for both strip tests, and many very major errors were observed for metronidazole (13 to 14%) and penicillin (8 to 9%) with isolates from the Bacteroides fragilis group and Clostridium species. For fastidious species, essential agreements for M.I.C. Evaluator and Etest plus or minus one doubling dilution were >95%. Compared to broth microdilution, essential agreements were low (40 to 90%) plus or minus one dilution and were >90% plus or minus two dilutions, with high overall category agreement (CA). Major and minor errors were within established parameters for all strains tested. The M.I.C. Evaluator strips were equivalent to Etest for anaerobes and fastidious species. These observations require further investigation to determine which methods provide the most accurate MIC for clinical utility. The further evaluation of additional M.I.C. Evaluator agents will be performed as they become available.

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First Comprehensive Evaluation of the M.I.C. Evaluator Device Compared to Etest and CLSI Reference Dilution Methods for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Clinical Strains of Anaerobes and Other Fastidious Bacterial Species

et al. 2012

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“…These organisms (followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Moraxella catarrhalis) are now considered to be the leading cause of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and an important cause, together with S. pneumoniae and M. catarrhalis, of acute otitis media, sinusitis, and community-acquired respiratory tract infections (1,8,10,12,14,23).…”

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Susceptibilities of Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis to ABT-773 Compared to Their Susceptibilities to 11 Other Agents

Credito

Lin

Pankuch

et al. 2001

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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The activity of the ketolide ABT-773 against Haemophilus and Moraxella was compared to those of 11 other agents. Against 210 Haemophilus influenzae strains (39.0% ␤-lactamase positive), microbroth dilution tests showed that azithromycin and ABT-773 had the lowest MICs (0.5 to 4.0 and 1.0 to 8.0 g/ml, respectively), followed by clarithromycin and roxithromycin (4.0 to >32.0 g/ml). Of the ␤-lactams, ceftriaxone had the lowest MICs (<0.004 to 0.016 g/ml), followed by cefixime and cefpodoxime (0.008 to 0.125 and <0.125 to 0.25 g/ml, respectively), amoxicillin-clavulanate (0.125 to 4.0 g/ml), and cefuroxime (0.25 to 8.0 g/ml). Amoxicillin was only active against ␤-lactamase-negative strains, and cefprozil had the highest MICs of all oral cephalosporins tested (0.5 to >32.0 g/ml). Against 50 Moraxella catarrhalis strains, all of the compounds except amoxicillin and cefprozil were active. Time-kill studies against 10 H. influenzae strains showed that ABT-773, at two times the MIC, was bactericidal against 9 of 10 strains, with 99% killing of all strains at the MIC after 24 h; at 12 h, ABT-773 gave 90% killing of all strains at two times the MIC. At 3 and 6 h, killing by ABT-773 was slower, with 99.9% killing of four strains at two times the MIC after 6 h. Similar results were found for azithromycin, with slightly slower killing by erythromycin, clarithromycin, and roxithromycin, especially at earlier times. ␤-Lactams were bactericidal against 8 to 10 strains at two times the MIC after 24 h, with slower killing at earlier time periods. Most compounds gave good killing of five M. catarrhalis strains, with ␤-lactams killing more rapidly than other drugs. ABT-773 and azithromycin gave the longest postantibiotic effects (PAEs) of the ketolide-macrolide-azalide group tested (4.4 to >8.0 h), followed by clarithromycin, erythromycin, and roxithromycin. ␤-Lactam PAEs were similar and shorter than those of the ketolidemacrolide-azalide group for all strains tested.Although development of an effective vaccine against Haemophilus influenzae type b has led to the disappearance of the organism in many parts of the world, its place has been taken by untypeable H. influenzae strains. These organisms (followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Moraxella catarrhalis) are now considered to be the leading cause of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and an important cause, together with S. pneumoniae and M. catarrhalis, of acute otitis media, sinusitis, and community-acquired respiratory tract infections (1,8,10,12,14,23).Current recommendations by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) for use of Haemophilus test medium (HTM) for Haemophilus susceptibility testing (13) have been complicated by difficulty in commercial manufacture of this medium and its short half-life when made in house. Reliable Haemophilus susceptibility testing with HTM requires the use of freshly made medium within 3 weeks of manufacture (11,22 , abstr. 2136, 1999). This study further examined activity of ABT-773 against Haemophilus an...

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“…In countries such as the United States, where the H. influenzae type b vaccine is widely used, H. influenzae type b has been replaced by untypeable H. influenzae strains (10,13,20).…”

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Activities of Two Novel Macrolides, GW 773546 and GW 708408, Compared with Those of Telithromycin, Erythromycin, Azithromycin, and Clarithromycin against Haemophilus influenzae

Kosowska

Credito

Pankuch

et al. 2004

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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The MIC at which 50% of strains are inhibited (MIC 50 ) and the MIC 90 of GW 773546, a novel macrolide, were 1.0 and 2.0 g/ml, respectively, for 223 ␤-lactamase-positive, ␤-lactamase-negative, and ␤-lactamasenegative ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae strains. The MIC 50 s and MIC 90 s of GW 708408, a second novel macrolide, and telithromycin, an established ketolide, were 2.0 and 4.0 g/ml, respectively, while the MIC 50 and MIC 90 of azithromycin were 1.0 and 2.0 g/ml, respectively. The MIC 50 and MIC 90 of erythromycin were 4.0 and 8.0 g/ml, respectively; and those of clarithromycin were 4.0 and 16.0 g/ml, respectively. All compounds except telithromycin were bactericidal (99.9% killing) against nine strains at two times the MIC after 24 h. Telithromycin was bactericidal against eight of the nine strains. In addition, both novel macrolides and telithromycin at two times the MIC showed 99% killing of all nine strains after 12 h and 90% killing of all strains after 6 h. After 24 h, all drugs were bactericidal against four to seven strains when they were tested at the MIC. Ten of 11 strains tested by multistep selection analysis yielded resistant clones after 14 to 43 passages with erythromycin. Azithromycin gave resistant clones of all strains after 20 to 50 passages, and clarithromycin gave resistant clones of 9 of 11 strains after 14 to 41 passages. By comparison, GW 708408 gave resistant clones of 9 of 11 strains after 14 to 44 passages, and GW 773546 gave resistant clones of 10 of 11 strains after 14 to 45 passages. Telithromycin gave resistant clones of 7 of 11 strains after 18 to 45 passages. Mutations mostly in the L22 and L4 ribosomal proteins and 23S rRNA were detected in resistant strains selected with all compounds, with alterations in the L22 protein predominating. Single-step resistance selection studies at the MIC yielded spontaneous resistant mutants at frequencies of 1.5 ؋ 10 ؊9 to 2.2 ؋ 10 ؊6 with GW 773546, 1.5 ؋ 10 ؊9 to 6.0 ؋ 10 ؊4 with GW 708408, and 7.1 ؋ 10 ؊9 to 3.8 ؋ 10 ؊4 with telithromycin, whereas the frequencies were 1.3 ؋ 10 ؊9 to 6.0 ؋ 10 ؊4 with erythromycin and azithromycin and 2.0 ؋ 10 ؊9 to 2.0 ؋ 10 ؊3with clarithromycin. Alterations in the L22 protein (which were predominant) and the L4 protein were present in mutants selected by the single-step selection process. The postantibiotic effects of GW 773546, GW 708408, and telithromycin for seven H. influenzae strains were 6.6 h (range, 5.2 to 8.8 h), 4.7 h (range, 2.6 to 6.9 h), and 6.4 h (range, 3.8 to 9.7 h), respectively. The results of in vitro studies obtained with both novel macrolides were similar to those obtained with telithromycin and better than those obtained with older macrolides.

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Haemophilus influenzae: antibiotic susceptibility

Cited by 48 publications

References 110 publications

First Comprehensive Evaluation of the M.I.C. Evaluator Device Compared to Etest and CLSI Reference Dilution Methods for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Clinical Strains of Anaerobes and Other Fastidious Bacterial Species

First Comprehensive Evaluation of the M.I.C. Evaluator Device Compared to Etest and CLSI Reference Dilution Methods for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Clinical Strains of Anaerobes and Other Fastidious Bacterial Species

Susceptibilities of Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis to ABT-773 Compared to Their Susceptibilities to 11 Other Agents

Activities of Two Novel Macrolides, GW 773546 and GW 708408, Compared with Those of Telithromycin, Erythromycin, Azithromycin, and Clarithromycin against Haemophilus influenzae

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