Haematological changes in Bufo maculatus treated with sublethal concentrations of Cadmium

Abstract

Adult Bufo maculatus was exposed to sublethal cadmium concentrations of 0.25, 0.50,

Heavy metal mediated innate immune responses of the Indian green frog, Euphlyctis hexadactylus (Anura: Ranidae): Cellular profiles and associated Th1 skewed cytokine response

“…Nevertheless, laboratory exposure to high concentrations of atrazine and nitrate resulted in lowering WBC counts in Ambystoma tigrinum (Forson, 2006). Conversely, adult Bufo maculatus, exposed to cadmium (0.25-2 ppm concentration) resulted in an elevation of total WBC counts which was interpreted as immunostimulation in response to the tissue damage caused by cadmium toxicity (Ezemonye and Enuneku, 2011). Similarly, Pb exposed Bufo arenarum showed increased total WBC which was claimed as metal mediated induction of proliferation of pluripotent haematopoietic cells (Chiesa et al, 2006).Discrepancy of the present study may be attributed to the combined effect of the metal ions which may pose additive or synergistic effects as immunosuppressants.…”

Heavy metal–induced toxicity in the Indian green frog: Biochemical and histopathological alterations

“…Increased levels of serum bilirubin in the present study was a clear marker of hepatic dysfunction . As a proximate measure of cellular architecture, metabolic function, and patterns of gene expression, lowering total protein levels in the serum is an indication of tissue damage . Apparent mechanisms of these low protein levels may be because of the interference of Mg 2+ ion dependent RNA synthesis process by various other heavy metal species, which replace Mg 2+ ions .…”

“…As a proximate measure of cellular architecture, metabolic function, and patterns of gene expression, lowering total protein levels in the serum is an indication of tissue damage . Apparent mechanisms of these low protein levels may be because of the interference of Mg 2+ ion dependent RNA synthesis process by various other heavy metal species, which replace Mg 2+ ions . Furthermore, heavy metals enhance protein degradation because these species readily precipitate protein molecules .…”

“…The heavy metals that accumulate in vertebrates elicit diverse effects including immunotoxic, genotoxic, cytotoxic, hepatotoxic, and nephrotoxic actions, as well as endocrine disruption . Biochemical parameters have been recognized as good indicators of stress‐induced effects of heavy metal toxicity , as such parameters are directly altered according to oxidative stress mechanisms within the animal. Levels of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), γ‐glutamyl transferase (γ‐GT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) as functional biomarkers of hepatotoxicity and levels of urea, creatinine, and phosphatase as nephrotoxicity biomarkers are considered extremely sensitive measures of oxidative stress, mediated by various stressors including heavy metals .…”

Determination of trace and heavy metals in drinking water of Jhal Magsi district of Balochistan, Pakistan

“…Without water it would not have been possible to sustain life on earth [1]. Water pollution has become a very critical area of study worldwide because of its direct implications on the aquatic life and the human beings [2]. The pollution of surface water by heavy metals is a serious environmental problem.…”