Haematological and immunological changes in channel catfish stressed by handling and transport

Ellsaesser, Catherine F.; Clem, L. William

doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1986.tb05187.x

Cited by 204 publications

(116 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…21 Several environmental factors could explain this high variability: immunological consequences of temperature and stress have been described. 22,23 Endogenous features have to be considered for this high individual variability. The hypothesis of the existence of 'high responder' and 'low responder' has been described in other species such as the carp 21 and the chicken, 24 and related in this latter species to a genetic polymorphism (at least for the Con A response).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activation by mitogens and superantigens of axolotl lymphocytes: functional characterization and ontogenic study

Salvadori

Tournefier

1996

Immunology

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SUMMARYUrodele amphibians have weak and slow immune responses compared to mammals and anuran amphibians. Using new culture conditions, we tested the ability of lymphocytes of a well-studied salamander, the Mexican axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) to proliferate in vitro with diverse mitogenic agents. We demonstrated that the axolotl has a population of B lymphocytes that proliferate specifically and with a high stimulation index to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) known as a B-cell mitogen in mammals. This proliferative capacity is observed without significant changes throughout ontogenesis. In the presence of LPS, axolotl B lymphocytes are able to synthesize and secrete both isotypes of immunoglobulin described in this species, IgM and IgY. Moreover, a distinct lymphocyte subpopulation is able to proliferate significantly in response to the mitogens usually known as T-cell specific in mammals, phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A). The activated cells are T lymphocytes, as shown by depletion experiments performed in vitro with monoclonal antibodies, and in vivo by thymectomy. Splenic T lymphocytes of young axolotls (before 10 months) do not have this functional ability, which suggests maturation and/or migration phenomena during T-cell ontogenesis in this species. Axolotl lymphocytes are able to proliferate in vitro with a significant stimulation index to staphylococcal enterotoxins A and B (SEA and SEB). These products act on mammalian lymphocytes as superantigens: in combination with products of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), they bind T-cell receptors with particular Vb elements. The fact that these superantigens are able to activate lymphocytes of a primitive vertebrate suggests a striking conservation of molecular structures implied in superantigen presentation and recognition.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activation by mitogens and superantigens of axolotl lymphocytes: functional characterization and ontogenic study

Salvadori

Tournefier

1996

Immunology

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“…No significant change occurred in slender seahorses transported with EO of L. alba, indicating that this EO is beneficial to reduce stress. A reduction in the concentration of lymphocytes and an increase in the number of neutrophils was also observed in the common carp, Cyprinus carpio, and the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, after being subjected to the stress of capture or transport (Sopinska, 1984;Ellsaesser & Clem, 1986), as well as in Nile tilapia following the stress of capture (Martins et al, 2004), the European eel, Anguilla anguilla, under the stress of handling (Johansson-Sjöbeck et al, 1978) and the common dab, Limanda limanda, after being subjected to acute stress (Pulsford et al, 1994). An increase in the number of leukocytes was found in tambaqui (Tavares-Dias et al, 2001) and in the hybrid tambacu C. macropomum x Piaractus mesopotamicus (Martins et al, 2002) after being subjected to handling.…”

Section: Transportmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…considered an ideal condition for transporting fish because fish sedated at this level exhibit reduced activity but are able to maintain partial equilibrium, swimming capacity, and avoid physical damage resulting from collision with plastic bags (Cooke et al, 2004). Stress can increase blood glucose levels (Biron & Benfey, 1994;Wendelaar-Bonga, 1997;Barcellos et al, 2003) and affect leukocyte levels (Sopinska, 1984;Dick & Dixon, 1985, Ellsaesser & Clem, 1986Pickering & Pottinger, 1987). The blood glucose level of the control slender seahorses increased after transport, which is in agreement with previous findings in Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Barton et al, 1986), coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Vijayan & Leatherland, 1989), brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (Biron & Benfey, 1994) and pirarucu, Arapaima gigas (Brandão et al, 2006), following transportation.…”

Section: Transportmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anesthetic induction and recovery of Hippocampus reidi exposed to the essential oil of Lippia alba

et al. 2011

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The aim of this study was to identify the times of anesthetic induction and recovery in slender seahorses (Hippocampus reidi) that were exposed to the essential oil of Lippia alba (EO), as well as the efficacy of EO as a stress-reducing agent in the transport of this species. Slender seahorses were placed in 1-L aquaria containing different concentrations of EO (0, 10, 20, 50, 150, ), and after induction, fish were transferred to aquaria that were free of anesthetic to evaluate their recovery time. In an additional experiment, slender seahorses were transported in plastic bags with 15 μL L -1 of EO for 4 or 24 h. The increased concentration of EO proportionally decreased the time required for the induction of anesthesia. EO treatment (15 μL L -1 ) inhibited the increase in blood glucose levels that was provoked by transportation for 4 or 24 h. Transportation for 24 h also decreased the number of lymphocytes and increased the neutrophil count, and these effects were avoided with the addition of EO to the water. These results demonstrate that EO was effective as an anesthetic at concentrations of 10-20 μL L -1 for slight sedation and transport and at 150 μL L -1 for deep anesthesia in the slender seahorse.O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar os tempos da indução e recuperação anestésica em cavalos marinhos (Hippocampus reidi) expostos ao óleo essencial de Lippia alba (OE), assim como a eficácia do OE como um agente redutor de estresse no transporte desta espécie. Os cavalos marinhos foram colocados em aquários contendo 1 litro de água e diferentes concentrações de OE (0, 10, 20, 50, 150, 300 e 450 μL L -1 ), após a indução, os peixes foram transferidos à aquários livre de anestésico para avaliar o tempo de recuperação. Em um outro experimento os cavalos marinhos foram transportados em sacos plásticos contendo 15 μL L -1 do OE por 4 ou 24h. A concentração crescente do OE diminuiu proporcionalmente o tempo exigido para a indução da anestesia. O óleo essencial (15 μL L -1 ) inibiu o aumento nos níveis de glicose sanguínea provocada pelo transporte por 4 ou 24 h. O transporte por 24 h igualmente diminuiu o número de linfócitos e aumentou o número de neutrófilos, estas alterações foram evitadas com o uso do OE na água. Estes resultados demonstram que no cavalo marinho o OE é eficaz para a sedação e transporte na faixa de 10-20 μL L -1 e para a anestesia profunda recomenda-se 150 μL L -1 .

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“…Fish were housed in 500 L tanks with dissolved oxygen of 5.5 ± 0.2 mg/L. Prior to the experiment, apparently healthy fish were acclimated for 2 weeks in 100 L glass aquaria according to the protocol of maintaining bioassay fish as was previously described [12].…”

Section: Fishmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunomodulation of Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, by Nigella sativa and Bacillus subtilis

Elkamel¹,

Mosaad²

2012

J Aquac Res Development

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The aim of this study is to investigate the modulation of the immune system of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, by the black cumin seeds, Nigella sativa, or Bacillus subtilis PB6 (CloSTAT) as feed additives. Four diet regimes, a basic (control), CloSTAT, nigella, or combination of the black cumin seeds and CloSTAT were formulated and used to feed fish for 30 successive days. Half of the fish were used to investigate some of the immune parameters as serum globulins, white blood cell counts, and phagocytic activities and phagocytic indices. The other half of fish was subjected to infection challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila to investigate the disease resistance ability of the fish received the feeding additives. Results showed that the serum globulins have significantly increased in fish received the combination diet, while white blood cells have significantly increased in fish fed with nigella or combination ration. Phagocytic activities and indices of the fish fed the combination ration were significantly higher than those of the control groups. The mortality rate of fish fed with nigella or combination ration and challenged with A. hydrophila were significantly lower than those that received the basic diet. The current study clearly demonstrated that black cumin, CloSTAT or both can be used to modulate the immune system of Nile tilapia to the favour of resistance to diseases. replicates into sets and groups. Each replicate included two sets, where one set was used for evaluating the immune blood parameters of fish (blood set), while the other set was used for the challenge experiment (challenge set). Each blood set had four equal experimental groups that represent the 4 nutritional treatments (corresponding to the 4 diet variants). Thus, a control group received the basic diet, the second group received the CloSTAT diet, the third group received the nigella diet, while the fourth group received the combination diet. While each challenge set had the same four groups as the blood set and assigned as challenge groups. Each challenge set had 2 additional groups assigned as challenge control groups that received the basic diet and remained unchallenged as a control for the challenge experiment. Each group had 7 fish and was fed ad libitum with only one diet variant twice daily for 30 successive days. Immunomodulation of NileA total of 30 glass aquaria of 100 L capacity were used to conduct this study. Throughout the experiment, the temperature was maintained at 24°C and the dissolved oxygen level at 6.0-7.0 mg/L, while the pH levels were 7.2-7.5. Haematological studiesBy the end of the feeding experiment, fish of all groups of the blood sets were anesthetized using tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222, Argent Chemical Labs, Redmond, Washington, USA). Blood samples were collected from the caudal vein of fish and were divided into two portions. One part was collected with 3% sodium citrate and used for white blood cells count or mixed with Candida albicans culture to assess phagocytic activity. The second po...

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Haematological and immunological changes in channel catfish stressed by handling and transport

Cited by 204 publications

References 15 publications

Activation by mitogens and superantigens of axolotl lymphocytes: functional characterization and ontogenic study

Activation by mitogens and superantigens of axolotl lymphocytes: functional characterization and ontogenic study

Anesthetic induction and recovery of Hippocampus reidi exposed to the essential oil of Lippia alba

Immunomodulation of Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, by Nigella sativa and Bacillus subtilis

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