Haematological and Biochemical Effects of Etonogestrel Subdermal Implant (Implanon) in Ilorin Nigeria

Balogun, OR; Adeniran, Abiodun S; Adewole, A A

doi:10.12816/0049656

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…In humans, some hematological and biochemical parameters are described to change with the use of ENG, but they were described as non-significant enough to cause clinical sequelae ( 46–49 ). In rhesus macaques, the biochemical parameters, such as alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transferase, showed a significantly decreased serum concentration and creatinine showed an increased concentration compared to baseline, but all parameters stayed within published reference intervals ( 31 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-acting reversible contraception with etonogestrel implants in female macaques (Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis)

Maaskant,

Scarsi,

Meijer

et al. 2024

Front. Vet. Sci.

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IntroductionContraception is often required for management and population control purposes in group-housed and free-roaming non-human primates. Long-acting reversible contraceptives, including subdermal progestin-releasing implants, are preferred as they eliminate challenges associated with frequent administration. Etonogestrel (ENG)-releasing subdermal implants are reversible and long-acting for a minimum of 3 years, and are commercially available for human use as Implanon® or Nexplanon®.MethodsA retrospective analysis was performed detailing the contraceptive effectiveness and reversibility of subdermal placement of one-fourth or one-third of an ENG implant (68 mg/implant) in 129 female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and 67 cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) at the Biomedical Primate Research Centre (Rijswijk, Netherlands). Furthermore, single cross-sectional ENG serum concentrations were measured for 16 rhesus and 10 cynomolgus macaques, and hemoglobin and blood chemistry pre-ENG and at timepoints >0.5, >1.5, and > 2.5 years post-ENG insertion were evaluated for 24 rhesus macaques. Finally, data were obtained using trans-abdominal ultrasound regarding the influence of ENG on uterine volume and endometrial thickness in 14 rhesus and 11 cynomolgus macaques.ResultsAs a contraceptive ENG was in 99.80% (CI 93.50–99.99) and 99.95% (CI 99.95–100) effective in rhesus and cynomolgus macaques, respectively. Prolonged ENG durations of implant use in 14 rhesus macaques (range 3.1–5.0 years) and eight cynomolgus macaques (range 3.2–4.0 years) resulted in no unintended pregnancies. A total of 17 female macaques were allowed to breed after ENG removal, and among them, 14 female macaques (82%) had an uneventful delivery. Serum ENG concentrations with a median ENG duration of 1.2 years (range 0.1–6.0 years) and 1.9 years (range 0.6–4.7 years) resulted in median concentrations of 112 pg./mL (range 0–305 pg./mL) and 310 pg./mL (range 183–382 pg./mL) for rhesus and cynomolgus macaques, respectively. ENG had no clinical effect on hemoglobin and blood chemistry parameters nor on the thickness of the endometrial lining or uterus volume.ConclusionThis study indicates that both one-fourth and one-third of the ENG implants are effective, long-acting, reversible, and safe contraceptive to use in macaques.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-acting reversible contraception with etonogestrel implants in female macaques (Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis)

Maaskant,

Scarsi,

Meijer

et al. 2024

Front. Vet. Sci.

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“…In females contracepted with etonogestrel, a decrease in P-LCR compared to non-contracepted females was observed. In humans, a significant difference in ALT, urea, PCV and ALP has been described with the use of etonogestrel as a contraceptive [ 34 ]. In rhesus macaques, the effect of an etonogestrel implant was investigated and no effect of the implant was found on the blood chemistry parameters [ 35 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hematological and Serum Biochemical Reference Intervals for Alphaxalone Sedated Common Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)

Wegman,

Bakker,

Nederlof

et al. 2024

Animals

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Marmosets are routinely used in biomedical research, therefore there is an increasing need for updated reference intervals calculated using a large sample size, correct statistics, and considering different variables. Hematological and biochemical values from 472 healthy common marmosets sedated with alphaxalone were collected over a ten-year period (2013–2023). The variables assumed to have influenced the blood-based parameters were compared, i.e., sex, age, housing condition, pregnancy, and contraceptive use. Reference intervals were calculated based on observed percentiles without parametric assumptions, and with parametric assumptions following Box–Cox transformation. Juvenile marmosets showed increased ALP, phosphate, WBC, lymphocyte count, and basophil count and decreased levels of GGT and Fe compared to adults. Marmosets housed strictly indoors showed increased ALT and GGT levels and decreased levels of total bilirubin and neutrophil count compared to marmosets housed with outdoor access. Pregnant marmosets showed increased ALP, total bilirubin, neutrophil count, monocyte count, and basophil count, and decreased levels of AST, ALT, cholesterol, Fe, and lymphocyte count compared to non-pregnant marmosets. Etonogestrel contracepted marmosets showed decreased P-LCR compared to females who were not contracepted. Updated reference intervals will aid researchers and veterinarians in identifying physiological and pathological changes, as well as improve the reproducibility of research in this species.

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“…This is due to decreased intestinal reabsorption of folate, which resulted in decreased serum folate levels [ 27 , 28 ]. Implant users also experienced increased and prolonged menstruation which resulted in blood loss [ 29 ]. The finding of this study is on the contrary with a study done in Nasr City, Egypt [ 30 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hematological parameters of reproductive-age women using hormonal contraceptives at University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: A comparative cross-sectional study

et al. 2022

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Background More than one-third of reproductive aged women in Ethiopia use hormonal contraceptives to prevent conception. The present study aimed to compare the hematological parameters of reproductive-age women taking hormonal contraceptives at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia in 2021. Methods A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted from April to June 2021. A total of 240 study participants were recruited by using a consecutive sampling technique. Data on socio-demographic variables and clinical data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire and medical record reviews, respectively. Three milliliter venous blood was collected for complete blood count analysis using Unicel DxH 800 coulter hematology analyzer. Data was entered into Epi-data 4.4.3.1 version then exported to IBM SPSS v25 for analysis. Kruskal-Wallis H, Dunn-Bonferroni pairwise comparison test, and Spearman’s correlation analysis were used for inferential statistics. P<0.05 were considered statistically significant. Result The median and interquartile range of platelet count among combined oral contraceptive users was 285(238–332) which is significantly higher than that of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate users 246(220–226) (p = 0.010), implant user 247(221–297) (p = 0.034), and controls 256(224–278) (p = 0.015). The result also showed long-term use of implant negatively correlated with red blood cell count (p = 0.033). Conclusion This finding concludes that combined oral contraceptive users had a higher platelet counts than controls while long-term use of implants can result in low red blood cells count. Therefore, a baseline evaluation of complete blood count in women desiring contraceptive methods would also be recommended.

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Haematological and Biochemical Effects of Etonogestrel Subdermal Implant (Implanon) in Ilorin Nigeria

Cited by 3 publications

References 12 publications

Long-acting reversible contraception with etonogestrel implants in female macaques (Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis)

Long-acting reversible contraception with etonogestrel implants in female macaques (Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis)

Hematological and Serum Biochemical Reference Intervals for Alphaxalone Sedated Common Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)

Hematological parameters of reproductive-age women using hormonal contraceptives at University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: A comparative cross-sectional study

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