Background: Cognitive reserve (CR) is a construct for explaining cognitive and functional differences among individuals with similar levels of brain aging or pathology. Objective: We systematically reviewed studies that investigated the neural basis of CR by analyzing electrophysiological signals (EEG), as frequency bands and event-related potentials (ERP) to analyze whether CR would have any effect on the EEG. Method: Study protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020186722). The search was conducted on Pubmed/Medline, Scopus, and IEEE Xplore databases with combinations of the following terms in titles, abstracts, and keywords: "event-related potential," "evoked potential," "ERP," "electroencephalography," "brain rhythms," and "cognitive reserve." Results: We found 1,390 articles, 15 of which met the inclusion criteria. Information regarding sample characteristics, EEG equipment, and methods (channels, potentials, and tasks), CR proxies, studies main objectives, and results summary were systematized. Overall, 13 studies showed that higher CR levels were related to greater synchronization in frequency bands or to large amplitudes and faster latencies in ERPs. Conclusion: Even considering the great disparity between methods and samples of the analyzed studies, the results suggest that CR is related to the EEG. We discussed the evidence that CR may influence EEG signals and may be considered a promising technique to provide physiological biomarkers to estimate CR. Further implications regard the potential confounding effects of CR on studies of biomarkers or neural correlates of dementia or other brain pathology.This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers.This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly.