Habitual nicotine-seeking in rats following limited training

Loughlin, A.; Funk, Douglas; Coen, Kathy; Lê, A. D.

doi:10.1007/s00213-017-4655-0

Cited by 16 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…If they do not show a devaluation effect, the response is deemed habitual in being controlled directly by an S−R association. Four versions of this method have been used to test whether drugs promote habitual behaviour, as outlined in the text [30,[174][175][176]. The outcome-devaluation task in humans: Typically, participants learn that two responses (R1 and R2) earn different rewarding outcomes (O1 and O2).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The second criticism is that habitual control is fragile because sensitivity to devaluation is immediately restored in reacquisition tests where drug seeking produces the devalued reinforcer. This restoration of sensitivity to devaluation in reacquisition tests is found for both drug seeking [30,[174][175][176] and food seeking in chronically drug-exposed animals [180,181]. If one accepts that in human drug users' natural environment, extinction conditions rarely occur, but conditions comparable to reacquisition prevail (i.e.…”

Section: Studies With Laboratory Animalsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Then, in separate tests, each outcome is devalued and response rate for the devalued outcome is measured in extinction. Four such designs have found that the drug-seeking response does not decrease from baseline following devaluation, suggesting the behaviour is not goal-directed (controlled by expected outcome value), but is an S−R habit elicited by drug paired contextual stimuli [30,[174][175][176]. The food-seeking response, by contrast, is reduced by devaluation, indicating that it is goaldirected.…”

Section: Studies With Laboratory Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Addiction is driven by excessive goal-directed drug choice under negative affect: translational critique of habit and compulsion theory

Hogarth

2020

Neuropsychopharmacol.

205

158

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Drug addiction may be a goal-directed choice driven by excessive drug value in negative affective states, a habit driven by strong stimulus−response associations, or a compulsion driven by insensitivity to costs imposed on drug seeking. Laboratory animal and human evidence for these three theories is evaluated. Excessive goal theory is supported by dependence severity being associated with greater drug choice/economic demand. Drug choice is demonstrably goal-directed (driven by the expected value of the drug) and can be augmented by stress/negative mood induction and withdrawal-effects amplified in those with psychiatric symptoms and drug use coping motives. Furthermore, psychiatric symptoms confer risk of dependence, and coping motives mediate this risk. Habit theory of addiction has weaker support. Habitual behaviour seen in drug-exposed animals often does not occur in complex decision scenarios, or where responding is rewarded, so habit is unlikely to explain most human addictive behaviour where these conditions apply. Furthermore, most human studies have not found greater propensity to habitual behaviour in drug users or as a function of dependence severity, and the minority that have can be explained by task disengagement producing impaired explicit contingency knowledge. Compulsion theory of addiction also has weak support. The persistence of punished drug seeking in animals is better explained by greater drug value (evinced by the association with economic demand) than by insensitivity to costs. Furthermore, human studies have provided weak evidence that propensity to discount cost imposed on drug seeking is associated with dependence severity. These data suggest that human addiction is primarily driven by excessive goal-directed drug choice under negative affect, and less by habit or compulsion. Addiction is pathological because negative states powerfully increase expected drug value acutely outweighing abstinence goals.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Studies With Laboratory Animalsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Studies With Laboratory Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Addiction is driven by excessive goal-directed drug choice under negative affect: translational critique of habit and compulsion theory

Hogarth

2020

Neuropsychopharmacol.

205

158

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“…Drug addicts are impaired on gambling and reversal learning tasks [4][5][6] , and their behaviors are biased toward habitual (as opposed to goal-directed) control [7][8][9][10] . In rodent models, cocaine exposure or selfadministration results in cognitive inflexibility in reversal learning tasks 11,12 and exposure to various drugs of abuse, including cocaine 13,14 , ethanol [15][16][17] , methamphetamine 18,19 , and nicotine 20,21 promotes the formation of habits, as evidenced by response insensitivity to outcome devaluation and/or contingency degradation. Finally, several studies have demonstrated persistent drug seeking despite punishment in rodents 22,23 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inflexible habitual decision-making during choice between cocaine and a nondrug alternative

Vandaele¹,

Vouillac‐Mendoza²,

Ahmed³

2019

Transl Psychiatry

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The concept of compulsive cocaine-seeking habits is difficult to reconcile with other evidence showing that humans and even rats remain able to shift their choice away from the drug and toward an alternative nondrug reward, when available. This paradox could dissolve if preference for the nondrug option reflected in fact inflexible habitual decision-making (i.e., fixed in a habitual control mode, with no return to a goal-directed control mode). Previous research in rats has shown that prior drug use can favor habit formation, but whether the resulting habits are inflexible or not is largely unknown. Here we addressed this question by manipulating the value of water in rats that chose between water and cocaine in a discrete-trials procedure. Rats preferred water when thirsty and maintained this preference despite water devaluation by satiation. Only with repeated daily testing under water satiation did they progressively reverse their preference toward cocaine. Additional evidence showed that this progressive reversal of preference reflected in fact new interoceptive discrimination learning. Overall, this study suggests that rats seem to be stuck in a habitual decision-making mode, unable to return to a goal-directed mode upon experiencing a change in options value. It also reveals that inflexible decision-making does not necessarily promote drug choice, but can also under some circumstances favor abstinence.

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“…Finally, animals are given the opportunity to perform the instrumental response for the devalued outcome in an extinction test. Four studies using this design have found that the drug-seeking response is not reduced by the devaluation treatment in the extinction test (Dickinson et al, 2002;Miles et al, 2003;Mangieri et al, 2012;Loughlin et al, 2017). Such insensitivity to devaluation suggests that the drug-seeking response is not goal-directed (not controlled by knowledge of the current value of the outcome) but rather, is habitual, that is, elicited automatically by the stimulus context.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intact goal‐directed control in treatment‐seeking drug users indexed by outcome‐devaluation and Pavlovian to instrumental transfer: critique of habit theory

Hogarth

Lam-Cassettari

Pacitti

et al. 2018

Eur J of Neuroscience

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Animal studies have demonstrated that chronic exposure to drugs of abuse impairs goal-directed control over action selection indexed by the outcome-devaluation and specific Pavlovian to instrumental transfer procedures, suggesting this impairment might underpin addiction. However, there is currently only weak evidence for impaired goal-directed control in human drug users. Two experiments were undertaken in which treatment-seeking drug users and non-matched normative reference samples (controls) completed outcome-devaluation and specific Pavlovian to instrumental transfer procedures notionally translatable to animal procedures (Experiment 2 used a more challenging biconditional schedule). The two experiments found significant outcome-devaluation and specific Pavlovian to instrumental transfer effects overall and there was no significant difference between groups in the magnitude of these effects. Moreover, Bayes factor supported the null hypothesis for these group comparisons. Although limited by non-matched group comparisons and small sample sizes, the two studies suggest that treatment-seeking drug users have intact goal-directed control over action selection, adding uncertainty to already mixed evidence concerning the role of habit learning in human drug dependence. Neuro-interventions might seek to tackle goal-directed drug-seeking rather than habit formation in drug users.

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Habitual nicotine-seeking in rats following limited training

Abstract: Operant responding for IV nicotine may rapidly come under habitual control, potentially contributing to the tenacity of tobacco use.

Cited by 16 publications

References 64 publications

Addiction is driven by excessive goal-directed drug choice under negative affect: translational critique of habit and compulsion theory

Addiction is driven by excessive goal-directed drug choice under negative affect: translational critique of habit and compulsion theory

Inflexible habitual decision-making during choice between cocaine and a nondrug alternative

Intact goal‐directed control in treatment‐seeking drug users indexed by outcome‐devaluation and Pavlovian to instrumental transfer: critique of habit theory

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