HAART exacerbates testicular damage and impaired spermatogenesis in anti-Koch-treated rats via dysregulation of lactate transport and glutathione content

Influence of ejaculatory abstinence period on semen quality of 5165 normozoospermic and oligozoospermic Nigerian men: A retrospective study

“…Approximately, 200 spermatozoa per replicate were assessed for the percentage of different motile categories: progressive motility (fast or slow), nonprogressive motility, and immotility. Only intact spermatozoa were assessed for motility 4,26 …”

Viral Infections and Male Infertility: A Comprehensive Review of the Role of Oxidative Stress

“…Furthermore, HAART impairs spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis, resulting in reduced serum testosterone, semen volume and sperm motility ( 72 , 73 ). In an attempt to evaluate the associated mechanism of HAART-induced male reproductive toxicity using a rat model, Akhigbe et al ( 74 ) observed that HAART led to lipid peroxidation and inflammation of the testis. This was associated with reduced testicular and sperm DNA integrity and dysregulation of lactate transport and glutathione content.…”

“…The high polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content of the plasma membranes of the testis and spermatozoa makes them readily prone to ROS-driven oxidation, resulting in lipid peroxidation ( 171 ), loss of testicular and sperm cell membrane integrity, and raised non-specific permeability to ions ( 172 , 173 ). Following the destruction of the testicular and sperm cell membrane, the nuclear chromatin is exposed to oxidative damage, leading to base modification, DNA fragmentation, and testicular and sperm cell apoptosis ( 74 , 174 – 176 ). Hence, viral infections could cause direct modification of semen quality, damage to testicular and sperm DNA integrity, and production of anti-sperm antibodies, which may alter steroidogenesis, sperm motility and sperm-oocyte binding ( 99 , 120 , 123 , 177 , 178 ), thus reducing fertilization capacity via an inflammation-driven oxidative stress-mediated pathway.…”

“…Efavirenz, lamivudine, stavudine, nevirapine, and tenofovir, which are effective against most viral infections, including HIV, have also been reported to impair testicular and sperm integrity and function. Antiviral drugs have been reported to induce atrophy of the seminiferous tubules ( 72 , 184 ) and resultant distortion of spermatogenesis ( 74 , 164 ). Studies have also revealed that antiviral drugs led to reduced testosterone levels consequent to reduced Leydig cell mass ( 72 , 74 ).…”

“…Antiviral drugs have been reported to induce atrophy of the seminiferous tubules ( 72 , 184 ) and resultant distortion of spermatogenesis ( 74 , 164 ). Studies have also revealed that antiviral drugs led to reduced testosterone levels consequent to reduced Leydig cell mass ( 72 , 74 ). Antiviral therapy did not just distort steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis; it culminates in testicular and sperm cell DNA fragmentation ( 74 , 185 , 186 ), erectile dysfunction and reduced fertility indices ( 74 , 164 ).…”