H9N2 Influenza A Virus Isolated from a Greater White-Fronted Wild Goose (
            <i>Anser albifrons</i>
            ) in Alaska Has a Mutation in the PB2 Gene, Which Is Associated with Pathogenicity in Human Pandemic 2009 H1N1

Reeves, Andrew B.; Ip, Hon S.

doi:10.1128/genomea.00869-16

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The same researchers described isolating and characterizing several subtypes of HPAI H5Nx viruses of clade 2.3.4.4 between 2016 and 2017 in Russia, one of which, a HPAI H5N5 virus isolated from gull excreta on Russia’s eastern Kamchatka Peninsula, was demonstrated to be virulent in laboratory mice [ 99 ]. Finally, a H9N2 IAV with mutations associated with infections in humans was isolated in Alaska in 2008 [ 107 ]. Among mammalian hosts in Arctic regions, antibodies against HPAI H7N7 virus were detected in ringed seals in Alaska and the Central Russian Arctic [ 44 , 84 ].…”

Section: Host–pathogen–environmental Ecology Of Iavs In Arctic Regionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology and Ecology of Influenza A Viruses among Wildlife in the Arctic

Gass

Kellogg

Hill

et al. 2022

Viruses

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Arctic regions are ecologically significant for the environmental persistence and geographic dissemination of influenza A viruses (IAVs) by avian hosts and other wildlife species. Data describing the epidemiology and ecology of IAVs among wildlife in the arctic are less frequently published compared to southern temperate regions, where prevalence and subtype diversity are more routinely documented. Following PRISMA guidelines, this systematic review addresses this gap by describing the prevalence, spatiotemporal distribution, and ecological characteristics of IAVs detected among wildlife and the environment in this understudied region of the globe. The literature search was performed in PubMed and Google Scholar using a set of pre-defined search terms to identify publications reporting on IAVs in Arctic regions between 1978 and February 2022. A total of 2125 articles were initially screened, 267 were assessed for eligibility, and 71 articles met inclusion criteria. IAVs have been detected in multiple wildlife species in all Arctic regions, including seabirds, shorebirds, waterfowl, seals, sea lions, whales, and terrestrial mammals, and in the environment. Isolates from wild birds comprise the majority of documented viruses derived from wildlife; however, among all animals and environmental matrices, 26 unique low and highly pathogenic subtypes have been characterized in the scientific literature from Arctic regions. Pooled prevalence across studies indicates 4.23% for wild birds, 3.42% among tested environmental matrices, and seroprevalences of 9.29% and 1.69% among marine and terrestrial mammals, respectively. Surveillance data are geographically biased, with most data from the Alaskan Arctic and many fewer reports from the Russian, Canadian, North Atlantic, and Western European Arctic. We highlight multiple important aspects of wildlife host, pathogen, and environmental ecology of IAVs in Arctic regions, including the role of avian migration and breeding cycles for the global spread of IAVs, evidence of inter-species and inter-continental reassortment at high latitudes, and how climate change-driven ecosystem shifts, including changes in the seasonal availability and distribution of dietary resources, have the potential to alter host–pathogen–environment dynamics in Arctic regions. We conclude by identifying gaps in knowledge and propose priorities for future research.

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Section: Host–pathogen–environmental Ecology Of Iavs In Arctic Regionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology and Ecology of Influenza A Viruses among Wildlife in the Arctic

Gass

Kellogg

Hill

et al. 2022

Viruses

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“…Amino acid substitutions in PB2-M631L and PB2-E712D have been found to strongly upregulate the viral RNA polymerase and therefore disease severity. A recent study reported both PB2-Q591K and G590S were related to enhancing the pathogenicity in the mammalian host [36]. Amino acid substitutions at T271A, V661A and V683T/A684S in PB2 were identified to contribute to the increasing activity and relate to enhancing the polymerase activity in low temperature [37].…”

Section: Polymerase Basic 2 (Pb2) and Mutationsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Identification of genetic and antigenic variation and evolution pattern among influenza a and b viruses in Thailand

Suntronwong¹

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Seasonal influenza viruses commonly cause respiratory disease and have a considerable impact on public health threats which annually estimates 3 to 5 million cases of severe illness worldwide. The triggering of the seasonal influenza epidemic results from a complex interplay between viral, host and external factors such as climate. Although vaccination is an effective tool for influenza prevention and its complications, the composition of vaccine strain has been changed every year due to influenza constantly evolving. Here, we aim to examine the association between influenza activity and local climate factors, host immunity, genetic and antigenic variation and evolution pattern among influenza A and B viruses in Thailand. During 2010-18, we found 21.6% were tested positive for the influenza virus which typing as influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 (34.2%), A(H3N2) (46.0%), and influenza B virus (19.8%). There were two seasonal waves of increased influenza activity. Peak influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and influenza B activity occurred in February and again in August, while influenza A(H3N2) viruses were primarily detected in August and September. The SARIMA model of all influenza and climate factors including temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall are the best performed to predict influenza activity. To gain insight into host immunity to influenza, we then study the elderly who are at high risk of infection. These findings showed the proportion of seropositivity (HI titers ≥40) to influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 (50%), A(H3N2) (66%) were higher than influenza B viruses such as B/Yamagata 2 (14%), B/Yamagata 3 (21%) and B/Victoria (25%). Additionally, only 5% of this population presented the cross-reactive antibodies to both the influenza A and B viruses, this suggests that a low proportion of individuals provided broadly protective antibodies. For the viral factors, we study the evolution of polymerase genes included PB1, PB2, and PA proteins that are considered as a further antiviral drug target. Mutations in the polymerase gene significantly affect viral replication, transmission, and virulence. We found the pattern of evolutionary dynamics of A(H3N2) and B/Victoria have considerably changed over time, while A(H1N1)pdm09 slightly stable and B/Yamagata was increasing in 2017. Our data reveal adaptive acquired mutations relatively occur as high genetic diversity in the polymerase gene and all PA gene has shown a higher evolution rate than PB2 and PB1, except A(H3N2). Furthermore, we then quantified the genetic and antigenic variation in the nucleotide of HA1 sequences and estimated predicted VE using the Pepitope model. Our data indicated that influenza A(H3N2) diverged from vaccine strain and formed 5 genetic groups in the 2016-2017 seasons. Such emergence of multiple subclades contributed to the declining predicted VE from 74% (2016) down to 48% (early 2017). During late 2017-2020, phylogeny revealed multiple clades/subclades of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 (subclade: 6B.1A1 and 6B.1A5) and A(H3N2) (subclade: 3C.2a1b, 3C.2a2 and 3C.3a) were circulating simultaneously and evolved away from their vaccine strain. The B/Victoria-like lineage predominated since 2019 with an additional three AA deletions. Antigenic drift was dominantly facilitated at epitopes Sa and Sb of A(H1N1)pdm09, epitopes A, B, D, and E of A(H3N2), and the 120 loop and 190 helix of influenza B virus. Moderate predicted VE was observed in A(H1N1)pdm09. The predicted VE of A(H3N2) indicated a significant decline in 2019 (9.17%) and 2020 (−18.94%) whereas the circulating influenza B virus was antigenically similar (94.81%) with its vaccine strain. Besides HA, the NA is also targeted for immune response and showed broadly protective but current seasonal vaccines poorly induce anti-NA antibodies. Our data suggest that extending the stalk domain of the NA with the 30 amino acid can induce significantly higher anti-NA IgG responses characterized by increased in vitro ADCC activity, while anti-HA IgG levels were unaffected. Moreover, this recombinant virus can show a protective effect in the mouse model. In conclusion, the ability to predict a seasonal pattern of influenza may enable better public health planning and underscores the importance of annual influenza vaccination prior to the rainy season. The host immune profile cloud also helps for the guidance of influenza vaccine policy. Our findings offer insights into the viral population dynamic of polymerase genes and the genetic and antigenic divergence from vaccine strains, which could aid antiviral drug development and vaccine updating. The extended NA stalk approach may assist in the efforts towards more effective influenza virus vaccines.

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Where do all the subtypes go? Temporal dynamics of H8–H12 influenza A viruses in waterfowl

et al. 2018

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Influenza A virus (IAV) is ubiquitous in waterfowl. In the northern hemisphere IAV prevalence is highest during the autumn and coincides with a peak in viral subtype diversity. Although haemagglutinin subtypes H1–H12 are associated with waterfowl hosts, subtypes H8–H12 are detected very infrequently. To better understand the role of waterfowl in the maintenance of these rare subtypes, we sequenced H8–H12 viruses isolated from Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) from 2002 to 2009. These rare viruses exhibited varying ecological and phylodynamic features. The Eurasian clades of H8 and H12 phylogenies were dominated by waterfowl sequences; mostly viruses sequenced in this study. H11, once believed to be a subtype that infected charadriiformes (shorebirds), exhibited patterns more typical of common virus subtypes. Finally, subtypes H9 and H10, which have maintained lineages in poultry, showed markedly different patterns: H10 was associated with all possible NA subtypes and this drove HA lineage diversity within years. Rare viruses belonging to subtypes H8–H12 were highly reassorted, indicating that these rare subtypes are part of the broader IAV pool. Our results suggest that waterfowl play a role in the maintenance of these rare subtypes, but we recommend additional sampling of non-traditional hosts to better understand the reservoirs of these rare viruses.

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H9N2 Influenza A Virus Isolated from a Greater White-Fronted Wild Goose ( Anser albifrons ) in Alaska Has a Mutation in the PB2 Gene, Which Is Associated with Pathogenicity in Human Pandemic 2009 H1N1

Cited by 4 publications

References 9 publications

Epidemiology and Ecology of Influenza A Viruses among Wildlife in the Arctic

Epidemiology and Ecology of Influenza A Viruses among Wildlife in the Arctic

Identification of genetic and antigenic variation and evolution pattern among influenza a and b viruses in Thailand

Where do all the subtypes go? Temporal dynamics of H8–H12 influenza A viruses in waterfowl

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