H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Indonesia: Retrospective Considerations

Abstract

Indonesia is one of the five countries where highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of the H5N1 subtype (H5N1 HPAI) remain endemic in poultry. Importantly, it is one of the countries where the virus causes human infections. WHO data indicate that as of 2 May 2012, 189 human cases of Influenza A (H5N1) had been reported in Indonesia, with 157 human deaths. These human cases included a small number in which limited human-to-human transmission could have occurred. Hence, there remains a critical need in Indonesia for a more effective One Health approach to the control and prevention of this disease in people and in poultry. This chapter explores a number of aspects of the evolution of this disease in Indonesia, the virus that causes it and the control and preventive measures introduced, focusing on the successes and shortcomings of veterinary and One Health approaches. Indonesia provides many examples of situations where this latter approach has been successful, and others where further work is needed to maximize the benefits from coordinated responses to this disease leading to effective management of the risk to human health.

Seasonal Influenza and Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Surveillance among Inpatients and Outpatients, East Jakarta, Indonesia, 2011–2014

“…In addition to seasonal influenza A and B epidemics, highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus also circulates among poultry in Indonesia ( 6 ). Jakarta Province is a hub for Indonesia’s commercial poultry trade, and East Jakarta (1 of its 5 districts) is the main entry point for national poultry shipments ( 7 ).…”

Passive Immunization

“…Influenza type A viruses are subdivided into subtypes based on the antigenic properties of the two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) (Daniels et al, 2013). The multiple clades and subclades of influenza viruses and high mutation rate during infection constitute a considerable problem for human vaccine development (Stephenson et al, 2004).…”

Identification of Avian Influenza with the Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT‒PCR) Method

“…In addition to impacting animal health, avian influenza virus also adversely affects human health. The World Health Organization report shows that AI disease has resulted in the mortality of 163 people in Indonesia (Adisasmito et al, 2013;Daniels, Wiyono, Sawitri, Poermadjaja, & Sims, 2012;Putri, Widyarini, Sugiyono, & Asmara, 2020;Rehman et al, 2023;WHO, 2008). This occurs due to transmission through poultry to humans and meat consumption, which triggers the entry of the virus into the body and results in mortality and morbidity (Daniels et al, 2012).…”

“…The World Health Organization report shows that AI disease has resulted in the mortality of 163 people in Indonesia (Adisasmito et al, 2013;Daniels, Wiyono, Sawitri, Poermadjaja, & Sims, 2012;Putri, Widyarini, Sugiyono, & Asmara, 2020;Rehman et al, 2023;WHO, 2008). This occurs due to transmission through poultry to humans and meat consumption, which triggers the entry of the virus into the body and results in mortality and morbidity (Daniels et al, 2012). Damayanti et al (2017) research shows that the influenza virus (H5N1) is histologically capable of causing severe inflammatory reactions, including nonsuppurative encephalitis, tracheitis, myocarditis, interstitial pneumonia, hepatitis, proventriculitis, enteritis, pancreatitis, nephritis, and bursitis.…”