“…Kernel density estimation is widely used and accepted for describing the spatial patterns of infected human subjects and vectors in epidemiological and vector-borne disease studies (Delmelle, Zhu, Tang, & Casas, 2014;Lai et al, 2004;Minh et al, 2009;Van Steenwinkel, Ribbens, Ducheyne, Goossens, & Dewulf, 2011). In dengue studies, kernel smoothed maps are also used to identify hotspot areas of infected human cases and vectors for assessing the risk of exposure to dengue (Delmelle, Delmelle, Casas, & Barto, 2011;Delmelle et al, 2014;Kan et al, 2008;Wu et al, 2013). Previous studies of the moving distance of humans and vectors (Harrington et al, 2005;Maciel-De-Freitas, Codeco, & Lourenco-de-Oliveira, 2007;Wen et al, 2012) were used to establish dengue risk maps, with a searching radius of 1500 m and vector risk maps with a searching radius of 300 m. All procedures of kernel density estimation were processed using CrimeStat Spatial Statistics Program 3.3.…”