Gypsum scaling in pressure retarded osmosis: Experiments, mechanisms and implications

Zhang, Minmin; Hou, Dianxun; She, Qianhong; Tang, Chuyang Y.

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2013.09.051

Cited by 144 publications

(104 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…In addition, the concentration of Ca 2+ in DSW (50% seawater) was much lower than the calcium saturation concentration which was studied in other FO scaling research [11][12][13][14]. However, there can be a counter direction flow of salts that may interact with the water flux through the membrane during the FO process since FO membrane separates the DS from FS [37][38][39].…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 92%

“…Given that researchers have identified the potential of FO or FO hybrid systems for desalination [9,10], scaling in the FO process is gaining more attention recently. So far, the amount of research about scaling in the FO process is still limited and most researchers have been focusing on gypsum scaling [11][12][13][14]. The similar feed conditions as the RO process were simulated in the FO process, with a near-supersaturated gypsum concentration in the FS.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Calcium carbonate scaling in seawater desalination by ammonia–carbon dioxide forward osmosis: Mechanism and implications

Linares

Bucs

et al. 2015

Journal of Membrane Science

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Forward Osmosis (FO) is an osmotically driven membrane process, where the membrane separates a draw solution (DS) with high salinity from a feed solution (FS) with low salinity. There can be a counter direction flow of salt (i.e., salt leakage) that may interact with the water flux through the FO membrane. For the first time reported, this study describes a new calcium carbonate scaling phenomenon in the seawater FO desalination process using ammonium bicarbonate as the DS. The scaling on the membrane surface at the feed side is caused by the interaction between an anion reversely diffused from the DS and a cation present in the FS, causing a significant decline of the water flux. The composition of the scaling layer is dominated by the solubility (represented as solubility product constant, Ksp) of salt formed by the paired anion and 2 cation. Membrane surface morphology plays a crucial role in the reversibility of the scaling. If the scaling occurs on the active layer of the FO membrane, hydraulic cleaning (increasing crossflow velocity) efficiency to restore the water flux is up to 82%. When scaling occurs on the support layer of the FO membrane, the hydraulic cleaning efficiency is strongly reduced, with only 36% of the water flux recovered. The present study reveals the risk of scaling induced by the interaction of feed solute and draw solute, which is different from the scaling caused by the supersaturation in reverse osmosis and other FO studies reported. The scaling investigated in this study can occur with a very low solute concentration at an early stage of the FO process. This finding provides an important implication for selection of draw solution and development of new membranes in the FO process.

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Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calcium carbonate scaling in seawater desalination by ammonia–carbon dioxide forward osmosis: Mechanism and implications

Linares

Bucs

et al. 2015

Journal of Membrane Science

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“…Although fouling of FO membranes is more reversible than RO membranes, removal of contaminants may become more difficult when the feed stream in the FO membrane contacts the support layer [12,13]. She et al [14] investigated the membrane fouling in osmotically driven membrane processes and concluded that fouling in pressure-driven membranes can occur at different locations of the membrane [15,16]. As shown in Figure 3(a), the foulants in the FS are transported to the active layer surface of the membrane in the AL-FS mode, resulting in a cake layer similar to fouling of the RO membranes.…”

Section: Fouling In Fo Membranesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to She et al [15], compared to internal fouling, it is easier to remove the external fouling from the membrane surface by optimizing the hydrodynamic conditions of the feed stream (such as by increasing the cross-flow rate, applying pulsed flow [17] and employing air scouring [18]). For this reason, most researchers suggest AL-FS orientation in the FO process to prevent undesired internal fouling, even though the ICP in AL-FS is more severe than in AL-DS mode [13,19].…”

Section: Fouling In Fo Membranesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Forward Osmosis Membranes – A Review: Part II

Eyvaz¹,

Arslan²,

İmer³

et al. 2018

Osmotically Driven Membrane Processes - Approach, Development and Current Status

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Forward osmosis (FO) is a technical term describing the natural phenomenon of osmosis: the transport of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane by osmotic pressure from a feed solution (FS) to a draw solution (DS). The diluted DS is then reconcentrated to recycle the draw solutes as well as to produce purified water. As the driving force is only the osmotic pressure difference between two solutions, meaning that there is no need to apply an external energy, this results in low fouling propensity of membrane and minimization of irreversible cake forming, which are the main problems controverted by membrane applications, especially in biological treatment systems (e.g., FO membrane bioreactor (FO-MBR)). The purpose of the book chapter is to bring an overview on the FO membrane manufacturing, characterizing and application area at laboratory or full scales. This book chapter is published in two parts. In the second part, which appears here, characterization of mass transport in FO membranes, fouling mechanisms and foulants on FO membranes in naturally asymmetric structure and application areas of FO membranes in the literature are mentioned. Cutting-edge technologies on FO studies are comprehensively reviewed and following major and minor titles are stated truly on the new technologies.

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“…In addition, with regards to natural organic fouling (NOM), Thelin et al [73] investigated the quality of the feed solution and membrane types, while Yip et al [74] examined the influence of the effect of fouling and cleaning by osmotic backwash using their fabricated TFC membranes. In 2014, the scaling caused by calcium sulfate dehydrate (gypsum) was studied by considering the hydraulic pressure, membrane orientation, and types of draw solution and its concentrations [75]. More recently, the influences of the hydraulic pressure and pH on PRO organic fouling were studied by Kim et al [76].…”

Section: Membrane Fouling In Promentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in Osmotic Energy Generation via Pressure-Retarded Osmosis (PRO): A Review

et al. 2015

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Global energy consumption has been highly dependent on fossil fuels which cause severe climate change and, therefore, the exploration of new technologies to produce effective renewable energy plays an important role in the world. Pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO) is one of the promising candidates to reduce the reliance on fossil fuels by harnessing energy from the salinity gradient between seawater and fresh water. In PRO, water is transported though a semi-permeable membrane from a low-concentrated feed solution to a high-concentrated draw solution. The increased volumetric water flow then runs a hydro-turbine to generate power. PRO technology has rapidly improved in recent years; however, the commercial-scale PRO plant is yet to be developed. In this context, recent developments on the PRO process are reviewed in terms of mathematical models, membrane modules, process designs, numerical works, and fouling and cleaning. In addition, the research requirements to accelerate PRO commercialization are discussed. It is expected that this article can help comprehensively understand the PRO process and thereby provide essential information to activate further research and development. OPEN ACCESSEnergies 2015, 8 11822

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Gypsum scaling in pressure retarded osmosis: Experiments, mechanisms and implications

Cited by 144 publications

References 39 publications

Calcium carbonate scaling in seawater desalination by ammonia–carbon dioxide forward osmosis: Mechanism and implications

Calcium carbonate scaling in seawater desalination by ammonia–carbon dioxide forward osmosis: Mechanism and implications

Forward Osmosis Membranes – A Review: Part II

Recent Advances in Osmotic Energy Generation via Pressure-Retarded Osmosis (PRO): A Review

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