Gypsum karst features as evidence of diapiric processes in the Betic Cordillera, Southern Spain

Calaforra, J. M.; Pulido−Bosch, A.

doi:10.1016/s0169-555x(99)00019-7

Cited by 61 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Groups of galleries appeared in the upper strata, whose genesis was related to the progressive fall of Bosch, 1999). Here, the collapse sinkholes and the calcium-sulfate springs are concentrated in the central part of the halokinetic structures, whereas the outer zones are characterized by broad subsidence depressions and springs with sodium chloride facies because of dissolution of Triassic halite and gypsum at depth (Fig.…”

Section: Cueva Del Barranco Del Infierno: a Fluvio-karstic Cavementioning

confidence: 97%

Gypsum speleogenesis: a hydrogeological classification of gypsum caves

Calaforra¹,

Gázquez²

2017

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Abstract:This article reviews the state of the art of speleogenetic investigations in gypsum karsts from numerous studies carried out over the past 50 years in Spain. A classification of gypsum karsts is proposed based on the hydrogeological, tectonic and stratigraphic criteria that decisively control the evolution of gypsum karsts. In this respect, lithological aspects of Messinian and Triassic-Permian gypsum series in south-eastern Spain are considered, such as the alternation of rhythmic levels of marl and gypsum, as well as geodynamic aspects. The influence of the hydrogeological characteristics of evaporite aquifers on gypsum cave speleogenesis is discussed; this includes speleogenetic processes in confined, semi-confined or free aquifers controlled by regional and local base levels. Also, the importance of intense saline diapiric uplift is examined. To illustrate our classification, examples of gypsum caves developed in Spain are presented. Their similarities and differences with gypsum karsts in other regions (Italy, Ukraine, and USA) are discussed. A first general division addresses: (1) caves controlled by stratigraphic factors and (2) caves controlled by tectonic factors. Several typologies can be described, including (A) multilayer caves with confined hydrogeological origin, (B) confined hypophreatic caves with linear or maze configurations, (C) caves controlled by the variation or remanence of regional or local base-levels, and (D) caves controlled by the halokinetic evolution of salt/gypsum diapirs. The proposed classification is flexible and adaptable to each case, because different genetic mechanisms can coincide in time and space. Likewise, most considerations stated in this work about gypsum karst are valid for speleogenesis in other rock types.caves, gypsum, karst, speleogenesis

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Section: Cueva Del Barranco Del Infierno: a Fluvio-karstic Cavementioning

confidence: 97%

Gypsum speleogenesis: a hydrogeological classification of gypsum caves

Calaforra¹,

Gázquez²

2017

IJS

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“…Out side the Cen tral Eu ro pean Ba sin, gypsum diapirs were de scribed from the Tri as sic in the Betic Cor dillera in south ern Spain by Calaforra and Pulido-Bosch (1999).…”

Section: Other Areas Of Gypsum Domes and Diapirsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gypsum domes and diapirs: common features in the Zechstein (Upper Permian) of Germany

Paul

2014

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Paul, J., 2014. Gyp sum domes and diapirs: com mon fea tures in the Zechstein (Up per Perm ian) of Ger many. Geo log i cal Quar terly, 58 (3): 521-530, doi: 10.7306/gq.1192The Up per Perm ian Zechstein Group con tains three sul phate units (con sist ing of gyp sum and/or anhydrite) of vari able thickness. The up per parts of the gyp sum units con tain domes and diapirs pro trud ing into the over ly ing strata. This gyp sum diapirism is in de pend ent of salt diapirism. The best ar eas for ob ser va tions and de scrip tions of this phe nom e non are out crops and min ing dis tricts around the Harz Mts. The low er most gyp sum mem ber (Werra Anhydrite, A1) is over lain by dolomudstones and dolowackestones of the Main Do lo mite (Ca2). The gyp sum forms cu po las or elon gate ridges, which are up to 50 m high, sev eral kilo metres long and may pro ject through its roof. Above the ridges, the Ca2 roof is thin ner or completely re moved by slump ing and slid ing. The up lift of the gyp sum started very early, be fore the car bon ates were lithified. The ridges strike be tween 90 and 120°, most likely drawn out by tec tonic forces. The Main Anhydrite (A3) around the Harz Mts. is over lain by the Youn ger Rock Salt (Na3) and be haves in the same man ner. Large gyp sum clasts (up to five metres across) in the salt around the diapirs in di cate inter-pen e tra tion. Rea sons for the up lift in clude high wa ter con tents in the gyp sum, ad ditional re lease of wa ter by the con ver sion of gyp sum to anhydrite and, last but not least, bouyancy of the light gyp sum mud against com pact rock salt or semi-lithified car bon ates.

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“…Zafarraya Polje; Lhenaff, 1986;Reicherter et al, 2003), karren fields (Torcal de Antequera, Tramuntana Range) and cave systems, some of them with significant economic (Nerja show cave), engineering (Hundidero Gato Cave and the failed Montejaque Dam project) and paleoanthropological (Finlayson et al, 2006) implications. Landforms related to evaporite dissolution are mainly developed on halokinetic Triassic halite-bearing evaporites (Calaforra and Pulido-Bosch, 1999) and in the Messinian gypsum of Sorbas Basin, with a peculiar stratigraphically-controlled multilevel cave system, mainly carved in argillaceous units (Calaforra and PulidoBosch, 2003). Evidence of Quaternary glaciation is restricted to Sierra Nevada, which is the southernmost glaciated area in Europe.…”

Section: General Overview Of the Spanish Geomorphologymentioning

confidence: 99%