Gypenoside Inhibits Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Replication by Interfering with Viral Attachment and Internalization and Activating Apoptosis of Infected Cells

Abstract

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) causes a severe threat to the cattle industry due to ineffective control measures. Gypenoside is the primary component of Gynostemma pentaphyllum, which has potential medicinal value and has been widely applied as a food additive and herbal supplement. However, little is known about the antiviral effects of gypenoside. The present study aimed to explore the antiviral activities of gypenoside against BVDV infection. The inhibitory activity of gypenoside against BVDV was assessed by using virus titration and performing Western blotting, quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR), and immunofluorescence assays in MDBK cells. We found that gypenoside exhibited high anti-BVDV activity by interfering with the viral attachment to and internalization in cells. The study showed that BVDV infection inhibits apoptosis of infected cells from escaping the innate defense of host cells. Our data further demonstrated that gypenoside inhibited BVDV infection by electively activating the apoptosis of BVDV-infected cells for execution, as evidenced by the regulation of the expression of the apoptosis-related protein, promotion of caspase-3 activation, and display of positive TUNEL staining; no toxicity was observed in non-infected cells. Collectively, the data identified that gypenoside exerts an anti-BVDV-infection role by inhibiting viral attachment and internalization and selectively purging virally infected cells. Therefore, our study will contribute to the development of a novel prophylactic and therapeutic strategy against BVDV infection.

Genome-Wide Identification of R2R3-MYB Transcription Factors: Discovery of a “Dual-Function” Regulator of Gypenoside and Flavonol Biosynthesis in Gynostemma pentaphyllum

“…Secondary metabolism not only endows plants with the ability to adapt to the ecological environment, but also provides abundant pharmaceutical ingredients of considerable health benefits to humans (Ramakrishna and Ravishankar, 2011;Thimmappa et al, 2014;Li et al, 2015). Terpenoid saponins and flavonoids are two important secondary metabolites, several of which have been proven to exhibit antiviral, antifungal, and anticancer properties (Zhang et al, 2018;Bonta, 2020;Russo et al, 2020;Yang et al, 2021). G. pentaphyllum is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb and known for its industrial use.…”

Ergosterol Peroxide Inhibits Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Infection in Vero Cells by Suppressing ROS Generation and p53 Activation

“…Later, the virions were resuspended in the culture medium. Cell lysates were harvested for Qrt-PCR and fixed cells were used for IFA analysis [28].…”

Enzymatic Biotransformation of Gypenoside XLIX into Gylongiposide I and Their Antiviral Roles against Enterovirus 71 In Vitro

“…Gypenosides are the principal components responsible for the diverse and significant effects of G. pentaphyllum. The pharmacological activities include anti-cancer [2], antiinflammatory [3], anti-viral [4], anti-atherogenic [5], antioxidant [6], anti-hyperglycemia [7] and neuroprotective activities [8]. Until now, more than 300 gypenosides have been isolated and structurally elucidated from G. pentaphyllum [9].…”

“…Gypenosides from G. pentaphyllum also possess antiviral effects [17]. Yang et al demonstrated that gypenoside inhibited bovine viral diarrhea virus replication by interfering with viral attachment and internalization and by activating apoptosis of infected cells [4]. Crude extracts of G. pentaphyllum were also proven to have antiviral activity against highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus [18].…”