Gut–organ axis: a microbial outreach and networking

Abstract

Significance and Impact of the Study: Gut microbiota (GM) and its metabolites play a crucial role in maintaining the health of various vital organs. Literature review and evidences suggest that any alteration in GM composition and diversity not only triggers gut disorders but also influences other organs and cause-associated diseases. In this review, we have attempted to provide the readers a broad overview of the complex role of GM and its vital connection with other human organs. Our effort will foster the development of personalized treatment that can be adopted and evolved by targeting the microbiome in a deliberately controlled manner.

Dysbiosis in intestinal microbiome linked to fecal blood determined by direct hybridization

“…These data assume particular interest in preventing Clostridium difficile infection, where in extreme condition fecal microbiome transplantation can occur (Juul et al 2018 ). The importance of testing microbiome is becoming more evident, especially considering that the gut axis interaction involves several organs (brain, kidney, liver, bone, skin, adipose tissue and heart) (Ahlawat and Sharma 2020 ). Consequently, comprehensive information of the types of microbes that reside in the human gut is necessary before any kind of pharmacological intervention that attempts to alter the microbiome.…”

Immunological co-ordination between gut and lungs in SARS-CoV-2 infection

“…An alteration in gut microbiota is associated to a bi-directional deviation in the relationship between the gut and several vital human organs that eventually cause severe diseases symptoms. Recently, our gut microbiome group has reviewed the bi-directional communication network between the gut microbes and vital human organs, except the lungs (Ahlawat et al, 2020). Interestingly, the alterations in the lungs microbial community including airways also affect the composition of intestinal microbiota.…”

“…1 Graphical representation of gut microbiota alterations and COVID-19-associated mortality rate among various age groups. Source: Ahlawat et al, 2020 ; Novel, 2020 . …”

“…The human gut is an ecological niche for a huge population of enteric microbiota, majorly dominated by Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes (Foster and Neufeld, 2013) that produces several metabolites to maintain the gut homeostasis (Carabotti et al, 2015;Ahlawat et al, 2020). The gut microbiota plays important roles such as vitamin synthesis (Rowland et al, 2017), protection against pathogens (Hillman et al, 2017), development and maturation of host immune system (Proctor, 2019), intestinal angiogenesis (Baumgart and Carding, 2007), and differentiation and proliferation of intestinal epithelium (O'Hara and Shanahan, 2006).…”

“…Also, the gut microbiota of a person keeps on changing throughout the life (Carabotti et al, 2015) and is most stable during adulthood (Nicholson et al, 2012). Such that, any deviation from normal gut microbial composition is defined as "microbial dysbiosis" that is characterized by the bloom in pathobionts and instability or reduction in the populations of 'keystone' taxa like Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes (Ahlawat et al, 2020;Duboc et al, 2013). Purposefully, the concept of gut microbiota dysbiosis has been discussed in a mini-review published by (Brüssow, 2020).…”