Gut-on-a-chip: Current progress and future opportunities

Ashammakhi, Nureddin; Nasiri, Rohollah; Barros, Natan Roberto de; Tebon, Peyton; Thakor, Jai; Goudie, Marcus J.; Shamloo, Amir; Martı́n, Martı́n G.; Khademhosseini, Ali

doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120196

Cited by 123 publications

(111 citation statements)

References 198 publications

(249 reference statements)

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“…Such cell systems can recap the necessary organ functions and thus allow better examination of these functions in vitro. The great advantage of this system is that various components can be constantly tested and these systems very well illustrate the environment such as in vivo [ 253 ]. In recent years, more and more research has focused on the development of rapid tests that recreate digestive conditions.…”

Section: Future Prospectivementioning

confidence: 99%

Role of the Encapsulation in Bioavailability of Phenolic Compounds

et al. 2020

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Plant-derived phenolic compounds have multiple positive health effects for humans attributed to their antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor properties, etc. These effects strongly depend on their bioavailability in the organism. Bioaccessibility, and consequently bioavailability of phenolic compounds significantly depend on the structure and form in which they are introduced into the organism, e.g., through a complex food matrix or as purified isolates. Furthermore, phenolic compounds interact with other macromolecules (proteins, lipids, dietary fibers, polysaccharides) in food or during digestion, which significantly influences their bioaccessibility in the organism, but due to the complexity of the mechanisms through which phenolic compounds act in the organism this area has still not been examined sufficiently. Simulated gastrointestinal digestion is one of the commonly used in vitro test for the assessment of phenolic compounds bioaccessibility. Encapsulation is a method that can positively affect bioaccessibility and bioavailability as it ensures the coating of the active component and its targeted delivery to a specific part of the digestive tract and controlled release. This comprehensive review aims to present the role of encapsulation in bioavailability of phenolic compounds as well as recent advances in coating materials used in encapsulation processes. The review is based on 258 recent literature references.

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Section: Future Prospectivementioning

confidence: 99%

Role of the Encapsulation in Bioavailability of Phenolic Compounds

et al. 2020

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“…Further, they have been used to study various aspects of cell biology ranging from adhesion, spreading, proliferation and differentiation, toxicity monitoring, cell counting and sorting, signaling mechanisms, among others. [ 214a,217g,254 ] Such a wide range of possibilities can cover all the necessary requirements for a cell biology laboratory, where in vitro study of single cells, populations of cells, tissues and even whole organs is conceivable such as vasculature‐on‐a‐chip, [ 255 ] skin‐on‐a‐chip, [ 256 ] brain‐on‐a‐chip, [ 257 ] bone‐on‐a‐chip, [ 258 ] muscle‐on‐a‐chip, [ 259 ] heart‐on‐a‐chip, [ 260 ] lung‐on‐a‐chip, [ 261 ] liver‐on‐a‐chip, [ 262 ] gut‐on‐a‐chip, [ 263 ] kidney‐on‐a‐chip, [ 264 ] multiorgans‐on‐a‐chip, [ 265 ] or tumor‐on‐a‐chip. [ 266 ] In this sense, the application of microfluidic bioreactors for cells studies is growing and expanding rapidly with continuous emergence of new designs and new microenvironments using different materials, processing techniques, and adding functional elements.…”

Section: Physically Active Bioreactors—main Typesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physically Active Bioreactors for Tissue Engineering Applications

et al. 2020

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Tissue engineering (TE) is a dynamic and growing scientific field that merges the knowledge of different areas such as biology, physics, medicine, and engineering. [1] The TE discipline was first coined at a National Science Foundation sponsored meeting in 1987, thus originating a field that employs life sciences and engineering with the purpose of developing biologic or synthetic supports to restore, keep, or enhance tissue functions or damaged organs. [2] The classical TE approach has been mainly focusing on associating cells with a supporting matrix, also called biomaterials or scaffolds, that essentially acts as a passive template for tissue formation in vitro by allowing cells to adhere, migrate, differentiate, and produce tissue. Usually, the cells are seeded onto the scaffolds and, occasionally, growth factors are also added. The combination of cells, growth factors, and scaffold is often referred as the TE triad. [3] Nevertheless, novel approaches in TE that include the application of a biophysical stimuli to the scaffolds through the use of a bioreactor are emerging. [4] Tissue engineering (TE) is a strongly expanding research area. TE approaches require biocompatible scaffolds, cells, and different applied stimuli, which altogether mimic the natural tissue microenvironment. Also, the extracellular matrix serves as a structural base for cells and as a source of growth factors and biophysical cues. The 3D characteristics of the microenvironment is one of the most recognized key factors for obtaining specific cell responses in vivo, being the physical cues increasingly investigated. Supporting those advances is the progress of smart and multifunctional materials design, whose properties improve the cell behavior control through the possibility of providing specific chemical and physical stimuli to the cellular environment. In this sense, a varying set of bioreactors that properly stimulate those materials and cells in vitro, creating an appropriate biomimetic microenvironment, is developed to obtain active bioreactors. This review provides a comprehensive overview on the important microenvironments of different cells and tissues, the smart materials type used for providing such microenvironments and the specific bioreactor technologies that allow subjecting the cells/ tissues to the required biomimetic biochemical and biophysical cues. Further, it is shown that microfluidic bioreactors represent a growing and interesting field that hold great promise for achieving suitable TE strategies.

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“…However, these techniques suffer from some critical shortcomings, including high cost of equipment, need for expert users, and the requirement to label features with specific antibody [ 6 ]. Microfluidics is a proven technology that has been employed to create niche solutions to biomedical applications, such as cell separation and mixing, 3D bioprinting [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ], and organs-on-a-chip systems [ 11 , 12 ]. The application of microfluidic technologies can address some of the limitations of mentioned commercial cell separation methods by using different physical mechanisms, including filtration- [ 13 ], hydrodynamic- [ 14 ], inertial- [ 15 ], deterministic lateral displacement (DLD)- [ 16 , 17 ], pinched flow fractionation (PFF)- [ 18 ], centrifugation- [ 19 ], dielectrophoresis (DEP)- [ 20 ], magnetic- [ 21 ], acoustic- [ 22 ], and optical-based approaches [ 23 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Simulation of an Integrated Centrifugal Microfluidic Device for CTCs Separation and Cell Lysis

et al. 2020

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Separation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from blood samples and subsequent DNA extraction from these cells play a crucial role in cancer research and drug discovery. Microfluidics is a versatile technology that has been applied to create niche solutions to biomedical applications, such as cell separation and mixing, droplet generation, bioprinting, and organs on a chip. Centrifugal microfluidic biochips created on compact disks show great potential in processing biological samples for point of care diagnostics. This study investigates the design and numerical simulation of an integrated microfluidic device, including a cell separation unit for isolating CTCs from a blood sample and a micromixer unit for cell lysis on a rotating disk platform. For this purpose, an inertial microfluidic device was designed for the separation of target cells by using contraction–expansion microchannel arrays. Additionally, a micromixer was incorporated to mix separated target cells with the cell lysis chemical reagent to dissolve their membranes to facilitate further assays. Our numerical simulation approach was validated for both cell separation and micromixer units and corroborates existing experimental results. In the first compartment of the proposed device (cell separation unit), several simulations were performed at different angular velocities from 500 rpm to 3000 rpm to find the optimum angular velocity for maximum separation efficiency. By using the proposed inertial separation approach, CTCs, were successfully separated from white blood cells (WBCs) with high efficiency (~90%) at an angular velocity of 2000 rpm. Furthermore, a serpentine channel with rectangular obstacles was designed to achieve a highly efficient micromixer unit with high mixing quality (~98%) for isolated CTCs lysis at 2000 rpm.

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Gut-on-a-chip: Current progress and future opportunities

Cited by 123 publications

References 198 publications

Role of the Encapsulation in Bioavailability of Phenolic Compounds

Role of the Encapsulation in Bioavailability of Phenolic Compounds

Physically Active Bioreactors for Tissue Engineering Applications

Design and Simulation of an Integrated Centrifugal Microfluidic Device for CTCs Separation and Cell Lysis

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