Gut Microbiota: The Conductor in the Orchestra of Immune–Neuroendocrine Communication

Aidy, Sahar El; Dinan, Timothy G.; Cryan, John F.

doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2015.03.002

Cited by 178 publications

(110 citation statements)

References 119 publications

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“…While brain-gut communication has been a subject of investigation for decades an exploration of gut microbes within this context has only featured in recent years. The mechanisms of signal transmission are complex and not fully elucidated, but include neural, endocrine, immune, and metabolic pathways 5,6 . circumstances it is unlikely that they cross the BBB, but increasing evidence indicates a capacity to signal across the BBB and to influence brain areas such as the hypothalamus where the BBB is deficient.…”

Section: Brain-gut-microbiota Communicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis in Health and Disease

Dinan

Cryan

2017

Gastroenterology Clinics of North America

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756

525

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Type of publicationArticle (peer-reviewed) Abstract/SummaryGut microbes are capable of producing most neurotransmitters found in the human brain.While these neurotransmitters primarily act locally in the gut, modulating the enteric nervous system, evidence is now accumulating to support the view that gut microbes through multiple mechanisms can influence central neurochemistry and behavior. This has been described as a fundamental paradigm shift in neuroscience. Bifidobacteria for example can produce and increase plasma levels of the serotonin precursor tryptophan, which is fundamental in regulating mood, appetite and gastrointestinal function. CertainLactobacilli have been shown to produce gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and to alter brain GABA receptor expression and behavior. IBS is regarded as the prototypic disorder of the brain-gut-microbiota axis which can be responsive to probiotic therapy.

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Section: Brain-gut-microbiota Communicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis in Health and Disease

Dinan

Cryan

2017

Gastroenterology Clinics of North America

Self Cite

756

525

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“…Over the past decade, the brain-gut axis has become an increasing focus of neuroscience research, and there is a large volume of data to indicate that the immune system is a major communication pathway between gut microbes and brain, which may play an important role in stress-related psychopathologies and thus provides a potentially fruitful target for novel psychotropic development (El Aidy et al, 2015) The focus of this review is to explore the mechanisms through which the brain-gut-microbiota axis regulates immune responses and in so doing impacts behavior, both normal and pathological. We will describe the microbiota changes from infancy to old age and examine ways in which gut microbes may be manipulated to improve mental health.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbes, Immunity, and Behavior: Psychoneuroimmunology Meets the Microbiome

Dinan

Cryan

2016

Neuropsychopharmacol

191

121

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There is now a large volume of evidence to support the view that the immune system is a key communication pathway between the gut and brain, which plays an important role in stress-related psychopathologies and thus provides a potentially fruitful target for psychotropic intervention. The gut microbiota is a complex ecosystem with a diverse range of organisms and a sophisticated genomic structure. Bacteria within the gut are estimated to weigh in excess of 1 kg in the adult human and the microbes within not only produce antimicrobial peptides, short chain fatty acids, and vitamins, but also most of the common neurotransmitters found in the human brain. That the microbial content of the gut plays a key role in immune development is now beyond doubt. Early disruption of the host-microbe interplay can have lifelong consequences, not just in terms of intestinal function but in distal organs including the brain. It is clear that the immune system and nervous system are in continuous communication in order to maintain a state of homeostasis. Significant gaps in knowledge remain about the effect of the gut microbiota in coordinating the immune-nervous systems dialogue. However, studies using germ-free animals, infective models, prebiotics, probiotics, and antibiotics have increased our understanding of the interplay. Early life stress can have a lifelong impact on the microbial content of the intestine and permanently alter immune functioning. That early life stress can also impact adult psychopathology has long been appreciated in psychiatry. The challenge now is to fully decipher the molecular mechanisms that link the gut microbiota, immune, and central nervous systems in a network of communication that impacts behavior patterns and psychopathology, to eventually translate these findings to the human situation both in health and disease. Even at this juncture, there is evidence to pinpoint key sites of communication where gut microbial interventions either with drugs or diet or perhaps fecal microbiota transplantation may positively impact mental health.

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“…More recently, it has been suggested that the gut microbiota modulates the functionality of the central nervous system. Indeed, a multidirectional dialog between the gut ecosystem (microbiota, mucosal immune system, and neuroendocrine system) and the central nervous system has been proposed [2,28].…”

Section: The Gut Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

The cross-talk between the kidney and the gut: implications for chronic kidney disease

Andrade

Ramos

Cuppari

2017

Nutrire

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In recent decades, special attention has been given to the potential association between the gut ecosystem and chronic diseases. Several features and complications of chronic kidney disease (CKD) may induce an unbalanced gut environment, leading to unfavorable consequences for a patient's health. The first section of this review is dedicated to a description of some aspects of gut microbiota and intestinal barrier physiology. The following section explores the impact of CKD on the gut ecosystem and intestinal barrier, particularly the association with uremic toxins, inflammation, and immunodeficiency. Finally, the review describes the state of the art of potential therapies with prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics employed to modulate the gut environment and to reduce the generation of colon-derived uremic toxins in CKD.

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Gut Microbiota: The Conductor in the Orchestra of Immune–Neuroendocrine Communication

Cited by 178 publications

References 119 publications

The Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis in Health and Disease

The Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis in Health and Disease

Microbes, Immunity, and Behavior: Psychoneuroimmunology Meets the Microbiome

The cross-talk between the kidney and the gut: implications for chronic kidney disease

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