Gut-microbiota-targeted diets modulate human immune status

Wastyk, Hannah C.; Fragiadakis, Gabriela K.; Perelman, Dalia; Dahan, Dylan; Merrill, Bryan D.; Yu, Feiqiao Brian; Topf, Madeline; González, Carlos Gutiérrez; Treuren, William Van; Han, Shuo; Robinson, Jennifer L.; Elias, Joshua E.; Sonnenburg, Erica D.; Gardner, Christopher D.; Sonnenburg, Justin L.

doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.06.019

Cited by 553 publications

(427 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…Determination of the factors that anchor an individual's microbiota structure is key to understanding its dynamics and to designing informed individualized microbiota manipulations in [34][35][36][37][38] Our results stand in contrast to these previous observations: in our study relatively dramatic dietary changescomplete elimination of dairy and later reintroduction of dairy up to consumption of more than 2 glasses of milk per daycaused surprisingly limited change. In particular, these changes did not draw the subjects' microbiota structures beyond the regions that they occupied in the composition space prior to the perturbations and did not even limit the compositions to subsections within those regions.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Short-Term Dairy Elimination and Reintroduction Minimally Perturbs the Gut Microbiota in Self-Reported Lactose Intolerant Adults

Smith

Dethlefsen

Gardner

et al. 2021

Preprint

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One of the outstanding questions regarding the human gut microbiota is how interventions designed to manipulate the microbiota may influence host phenotypic traits. Here, we employed a dietary intervention to probe this question in the context of lactose intolerance. To assess the effects of dairy elimination and reintroduction on the microbiota and host phenotype, we paired fecal 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing with a clinical assay for lactose intolerance, the hydrogen breath test. We studied 12 self-reported mildly lactose intolerant adults, each with tri-weekly collection of fecal samples over a 12-week study period (2 weeks baseline, 4 weeks of dairy elimination, 6 weeks of gradual milk reintroduction) and a hydrogen breath test before and after each phase. We found that although none of the subjects experienced a change in clinically defined status of lactose intolerant or tolerant, most subjects were qualitatively better able to tolerate dairy products with minimal symptoms at the end of the study compared to their baseline. Like clinical status, gut microbiota also resisted modification. Although the mean fraction of the genus Bifidobacterium, a group known to metabolize lactose, increased slightly with dairy reintroduction (from 0.0125 to 0.0206; Wilcoxon P = 0.068), the overall structure of each subject's gut microbiota remained highly individualized and largely stable. Our study is small, but it suggests the possibility of qualitatively improved tolerance in the absence of change in clinically defined tolerance nor major change in the gut microbiota.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Short-Term Dairy Elimination and Reintroduction Minimally Perturbs the Gut Microbiota in Self-Reported Lactose Intolerant Adults

Smith

Dethlefsen

Gardner

et al. 2021

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In our study, we used probiotics as a method to interfere with the microbiota-gut-brain axis by increasing microbiota diversity. Similar effects could potentially be achieved with a rich and healthy diet, healthier habits, and the lower use of unadvised antibiotics 2,51,52 . This is interesting in light of the fact that people with economic constraints often struggle to have access to nutritious diets 53 , which would facilitate higher risk taking and more presentbias.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

A gut feeling: how your gut and brain changes your risk and time preferences

Dantas

Jiao

Sack

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Recent research has shown that the gut microbiota can influence the interaction between the central and the enteric nervous systems via the gut-brain axis (GBA). Animal models and human neuroimaging studies have revealed that changes in the gut microbiota affect neural activity in brain regions linked to basic emotional and cognitive processes. Whether the gut microbiota also affect human decision-making and, more specifically, risk and time preferences, however, remains largely unknown. Here, we examine the role of the gut-brain axis in decision-making in the face of risk and intertemporal choices. In a placebo-controlled double-blinded design, with two sessions separated by 28 days, during which participants received daily doses of probiotics (or a placebo), we investigate whether the prolonged and controlled intake of probiotics affects risk-taking behavior and intertemporal choices using incentivised economic tasks. We found a significant decrease in risk-taking behavior and an increase in future-oriented choices in the probiotics group as compared to the placebo group. These findings provided the first direct experimental evidence suggesting a potential functional role on the part of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in decision-making, creating a path for potential clinical applications and allowing for a better understanding of the underlying neural mechanisms of risk-taking behavior and intertemporal choices.

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“…Dietary fiber-mediated short-term intervention is able to modulate the metabolic function and the bacterial community structure in the intestinal tissues [14]. Moreover, the intervention with the high-fiber diet or the diet with fermented foods have the potential to promote the microbial diversity and downregulate the expression markers for immune-modulated inflammatory progress [15]. These results suggest that the dietary interventions act on both the microbiome and the immune system and may be a critical strategy for alleviating the impact of the industrial microbiome on the inflammatory progress of autoimmune diseases.…”

Section: The Effect Of Microbiota On the Development Of Autoimmune Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut Microbiota-Modulated Metabolomic Profiling Shapes the Etiology and Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Diseases

et al. 2021

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Autoimmunity is a complex and multifaceted process that contributes to widespread functional decline that affects multiple organs and tissues. The pandemic of autoimmune diseases, which are a global health concern, augments in both the prevalence and incidence of autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. The development of autoimmune diseases is phenotypically associated with gut microbiota-modulated features at the molecular and cellular levels. The etiology and pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases comprise the alterations of immune systems with the innate and adaptive immune cell infiltration into specific organs and the augmented production of proinflammatory cytokines stimulated by commensal microbiota. However, the relative importance and mechanistic interrelationships between the gut microbial community and the immune system during progression of autoimmune diseases are still not well understood. In this review, we describe studies on the profiling of gut microbial signatures for the modulation of immunological homeostasis in multiple inflammatory diseases, elucidate their critical roles in the etiology and pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, and discuss the implications of these findings for these disorders. Targeting intestinal microbiome and its metabolomic associations with the phenotype of autoimmunity will enable the progress of developing new therapeutic strategies to counteract microorganism-related immune dysfunction in these autoimmune diseases.

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Gut-microbiota-targeted diets modulate human immune status

Cited by 553 publications

References 84 publications

Short-Term Dairy Elimination and Reintroduction Minimally Perturbs the Gut Microbiota in Self-Reported Lactose Intolerant Adults

Short-Term Dairy Elimination and Reintroduction Minimally Perturbs the Gut Microbiota in Self-Reported Lactose Intolerant Adults

A gut feeling: how your gut and brain changes your risk and time preferences

Gut Microbiota-Modulated Metabolomic Profiling Shapes the Etiology and Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Diseases

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