Gut Microbiota Promote Hematopoiesis to Control Bacterial Infection

Khosravi, Arya; Yáñez, Alberto; Price, Jeremy; Chow, Andrew; Mérad, Miriam; Goodridge, Helen S.; Mazmanian, Sarkis K.

doi:10.1016/j.chom.2014.02.006

Cited by 521 publications

(496 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Since Lactobacillus and other commensals can mediate host gut health, this specific reduction might be associated with stressor-induced increases in colitic inflammation. [51][52][53] Despite the constant crossover between luminal and mucosaassociated populations, unique properties and diversity levels can be associated with each niche. 24,25,45,54 Descriptive analyses often concentrate on fecal or luminal contents as a read-out for the entire community structure of the gastrointestinal tract, but the current data emphasize the importance of a targeted approach.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The structures of the colonic mucosa-associated and luminal microbial communities are distinct and differentially affected by a prolonged murine stressor

Galley

Yu²,

Kumar

et al. 2014

Gut Microbes

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The commensal microbiota of the human gastrointestinal tract live in a largely stable community structure, assisting in host physiological and immunological functions. Changes to this structure can be injurious to the health of the host, a concept termed dysbiosis. Psychological stress is a factor that has been implicated in causing dysbiosis, and studies performed by our lab have shown that restraint stress can indeed shift the cecal microbiota structure as well as increase the severity of a colonic infection caused by Citrobacter rodentium. However, this study, like many others, have focused on fecal contents when examining the effect of dysbiosis-causing stimuli (e.g. psychological stress) upon the microbiota. Since the mucosa-associated microbiota have unique properties and functions that can act upon the host, it is important to understand how stressor exposure might affect this niche of bacteria. To begin to understand whether chronic restraint stress changes the mucosa-associated and/or luminal microbiota mice underwent 7 16-hour cycles of restraint stress, and the microbiota of both colonic tissue and fecal contents were analyzed by sequencing using nextgen bacterial tag-encoded FLX amplicon technology (bTEFAP) pyrosequencing. Both control and stress groups had significantly different mucosa-associated and luminal microbiota communities, highlighting the importance of focusing gastrointestinal community structure analysis by microbial niche. Furthermore, restraint stress was able to disrupt both the mucosa-associated and luminally-associated colonic microbiota by shifting the relative abundances of multiple groups of bacteria. Among these changes, there was a significant reduction in the immunomodulatory commensal genus Lactobacillus associated with colonic mucosa. The relative abundance of Lactobacillus spp. was not affected in the lumen. These results indicate that stressor-exposure can have distinct effects upon the colonic microbiota situated at the mucosal epithelium in comparison to the luminal-associated microbiota.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The structures of the colonic mucosa-associated and luminal microbial communities are distinct and differentially affected by a prolonged murine stressor

Galley

Yu²,

Kumar

et al. 2014

Gut Microbes

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“…Because of the lack of direct contact with live microbes, it has long been presumed that the microbiota does not influence these systemic defences. We now know that this assumption is incorrect and that the production and function of cells that constitute systemic defences is greatly influenced by the microbiota 29, 30, 39, 66, 67, 68…”

Section: Host Resistance To Systemic Infection and The Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A number of studies have shown that IL‐17 is important, as are members of the colony‐stimulating factor family 67. In addition to neutrophils, the production of macrophages and monocytes in the spleen is also promoted by the microbiota through currently poorly understood mechanisms 39. Hence, one of the most fundamental decisions made by the immune system – determining the number of innate cells required to safeguard the host from microbial assault – is directly regulated by the microbiota.…”

Section: Host Resistance To Systemic Infection and The Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The importance of host–microbiota interactions for our health has been highlighted by clinical studies and work with animal models demonstrating that microbiota dysbiosis is associated with diseases and immune dysfunctions in both intestinal and extra‐intestinal tissues. These include chronic inflammatory conditions in the intestine,31, 32 autoimmunity33, 34, 35 and increased susceptibility to intestinal and extra‐intestinal infections 15, 30, 32, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The regulation of host defences to infection by the microbiota

Brown

Clarke

2016

Immunology

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SummaryThe skin and mucosal epithelia of humans and other mammals are permanently colonized by large microbial communities (the microbiota). Due to this life‐long association with the microbiota, these microbes have an extensive influence over the physiology of their host organism. It is now becoming apparent that nearly all tissues and organ systems, whether in direct contact with the microbiota or in deeper host sites, are under microbial influence. The immune system is perhaps the most profoundly affected, with the microbiota programming both its innate and adaptive arms. The regulation of immunity by the microbiota helps to protect the host against intestinal and extra‐intestinal infection by many classes of pathogen. In this review, we will discuss the experimental evidence supporting a role for the microbiota in regulating host defences to extra‐intestinal infection, draw together common mechanistic themes, including the central role of pattern recognition receptors, and outline outstanding questions that need to be answered.

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“…L'impact du microbiote intestinal n'est pas limité à l'intestin, il s'exerce également à l'échelle systémique des organismes hôtes. Il régule en effet la maturation du système immunitaire [5,6], la croissance post-natale [7,8], et peut même influencer l'activité cérébrale [9,10,48] (➜). Chez l'homme, des perturbations du microbiote intestinal sont associées à une grande variété de pathologies d'ordre métabolique, immunitaire ou même cognitif [11,12].…”

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